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2arwe/ 

SHANAHAN'S 

Guide to WfiSHiNGTON 



AND ITS 



EINVIROINS, 



TOGETHER WITH 



Concise Historical Sketches of Many Things 

and Places of Interest to the Visitor 

to the Nation's Capital. 

WASHINGTON: ^> ^T$" 3 !T^"Z^ 

WM. M. WRIGHT, PUBLISHER. 
1894. 



Copyright 1894 

BY 

Wm. M. Wright and Daniel Shanahan. 



PREFACE. 



In presenting - this little book to the public, and to the 
visitor in particular, it is with the assurance of a host 
of friends and others that a field is open for just such a 
work as is presented in the following- pages. Matters of 
interest and information, not only to the stranger, but 
to the oldest citizen as well, are treated in a clear and 
concise way, enabling anyone to go to the place or obtain 
the information sought in the quickest manner possible. 

The design is to have this first edition appear in good 
season for the coming Conclave of the Knights of Py- 
thias this month, and in commenoration of this event 
a historical sketch of that organization and notices of its 
principal offices are given. 

Besides the pertinent data relative to all the public 
buildings and parks, attention is directed to the statues 
of distinguished Americans scattered through the city, 
and details are furnished about distances from Wash- 
ington to other important points throughout the country. 

Questions are constantly arising to the visitor to the 
capital city respecting the foundation and nature of the 
Government, and experience has shown that the Consti- 
tution of the United States is not as well known as might 
be thought, and that a knowledge of its contents is often 
desired. For such visitors the Constitution is repro- 
duced. 

Washington, D. C, August, 1894. 



CONTENTS 



Page. 
The National Capital. . . 5 to 16 
Capitol Building and 

Park 17 

Greenough Statue of 

Washington 17 

Statue of Marshall 17 

Botanical Garden 18 

Naval Monument 18 

Judiciary Square 18 

Smithsonian is 

National Museum 18 

Army Medical Museum is 

Agriculture Departm'nt l'J 

Bureau Engraving and 

Printing 19 

Monument and Grounds 19 

President's Grounds 20 to 21 

Treasury, State, War 
and Navy Depart- 
ments 21 

Lafayette Park, Monu- 
ment, Statue of Jack- 
son 21 to 22 

Statues of Washington, 
Scott, Farragut, Du- 
pont, McPherson 

Rawlins 22 

Thomas, Green, Gar- 
field, Lincoln, ( Lin- 
coln Park) 23 

Corcoran Gallery 23 to 21 

Interior Department 21 to 25 

Patent Office 25 

Rock Creek and Zoo 

Park 25 to 26 

Soldiers' Home 26 to 27 



Page. 
Government Printing 

Office 27 

Navy Yard 27 

Insane Asylum, Con- 
gressional Cemetery 27 
Baltimore & Ohio R. R., 

and Long Bridge ... 28 to 29 
Burning of the Capitol 
and other Public 
Buildings, Popula- 
tion of Washington. 2 ( J to 31 
Review of Army, En- 
campment G. A. R., 

K. T. Conclave 31 to 33 

Distances from Wash- 
ington 31 to 35 

Constitution of the 

United States 36 to 64 

Washington's Will 64 to 80 

Mount Vernon 81 to 83 

Arlington 83 to 86 

Executive Department, 
information and Du- 
ties 86 to 10'J 

Chesapeake, Cabin John, 
Indestructibility of 

Government 109 to 113 

Library Building ill 

City Post Office 116 to 119 

Places of Amusements. 118 

How to Get There 119 to 121 

Knights of Pythias 122 to 133 

Cuts 133 to 155 

Advertisements 155 to 165 

Churches, Colleges, and Hotels 
will be found on back of map. 



The National Capital. 



^^*HE beautiful and progressive city of Wash- 
\^ ington, on the banks of the Potomac, 184J 
miles above the mouth of the Chesapeake 
Bay, is the capital of the great American nation 
and gives promise of being the greatest capital in 
the world. 

Soon after the Revolutionary War the question 
of a permanent seat of government began to be 
agitated. The Continental Congress had to bold 
its sessions in eight different places, and the Con- 
gress of the Confederation was driven from Phila- 
delphia, after being located there five years, to 
Princeton, N. J., because the proceedings were 
interrupted by a mob of turbulent soldiers, who 
were not promptly checked by the city authorities. 
This event exercised undoubted influence in 
causing the permanent seat of government to be 
located in a territory over which Congress would 
have exclusive jurisdiction. 



6 



On the 23d of December, 1784, a resolution was 
adopted by the Congress of the Confederation for 
the appointment of commissioners to lay out a dis- 
trict on the Delaware river near the Lower Falls 
for a " Federal town, a Federal house for Congress 
and for the executive officers thereof, and houses 
for the President and for the Secretaries of Foreign 
Affairs, War; the Marine and the Treasury. " It 
was moved to substitute "Georgetown on the Po- 
tomac'f as the site of the Federal town, but all the 
States except Virginia voted against the motion. 

The resolution was not carried into effect, and 
the whole matter remained sleeping until May 10, 
1787, when an effort was ma.de in Congress, then 
sitting in New York, to take up a resolution for 
the erection of government buildings at George- 
town. This effort did not succeed, and nothing 
further was done in the Congress of the Confedera- 
tion towards establishing the permanent seat oi 
government. 

During the session in Philadelphia, in the sum- 
mer of 1787, of the convention to revise the Fed- 
eral system of government, it was proposed that 



the new Constitution of the United States should 
provide' "against choosing for the seat of General 
Government any city or place where a State govern- 
ment might be fixed, because it was believed that 
disputes would continually arise concerning juris- 
diction." The matter was generally discussed and 
when the draft of the Constitution was being con- 
sidered a motion was made by James Monroe that 
the following clause be added to the enumerated 
powers of Congress : •" To exercise exclusive legis- 
lative authority at the seat of the General Govern- 
ment and over a district around the same not 

exceeding square miles, the consent of the 

State or States comprising the same being first ob- 
tained." The motion was adopted and the proposed 
clause went into the committee on style, and was 
arranged in the form it now has in the Constitution : 
" To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
soever over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
square) as may by cession of particular States, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of gov- 
ernment of the United States." 

The first Congress of the United States under 



8 

the Constitution assembled in New York on the 
4th of March, 1789, but it was not ready for busi- 
ness until the 4th of April of the same year. A 
short time after the session begun many memorials 
were received praying for the settlement of the 
question of the permanent seat of government 
The claims of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
Reading, Germantown, Alexandria, Georgetown, 
Harrisburg, Lancaster, Carlisle, Trenton and other 
places were strongly urged, and Congress was very 
much divided on the question. However, a bill 
acted on by the Senate on the 28th of June, 1790, 
passed by the House on the 9th of July, 1790, and 
approved by President Washington on the 16th of 
July, 1790, established the District of Columbia as 
the permanent seat of government. At this time 
Alexandria was a part of the District of Columbia, 
but it was retroceded with all the lands of the dis- 
trict on the western bank of the Potomac to the 
State of Virginia in 1846. 

Three commissioners, Gen. Thomas Johnson and 
Hon. Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, and Dr. David 
Stewart, of Virginia, were appointed to run the 



9 



lines and survey and lay out the new Federal Ter- 
ritory. 

They laid the first boundary stone at Jones' 
Point, Virginia, on the 13th of April, 1791, and 
named the district the " Territory of Columbia." 

In the latter part of 1790 Major Pierre Charles 
L'Enfant was commissioned by the President to 
prepare the plan of the city of Washington. He 
immediately set to work to perfect his plan, and 
day after day for several weeks General Washing- 
ton, Major L' Enfant and the commissioners^ met 
at Suter's Tavern in Georgetown to confer about 
the plan of the capital.city. Washington generally 
rode from Mount Vernon to Suter's on a highly 
spirited horse, which he galloped up the Alexandria 
turnpike at a very rapid pace. 

On the 14th March, 1792, Thomas Johnson, Da- 
vid Stewart and David Carroll, who were the three 
commissioners appointed by President Washington 
to lay out the Federal Territory, and who were 
charged by act of Congress with the erection of a 
suitable building (i for the accommodation of Con- 
gress," advertised in Dunlap's Daily Advertiser of 



10 



Philadelphia, for plans for the Capitol, the name 
given to the building intended for the national leg- 
islature by Major L' Enfant in his plan of Wash- 
ington City. 

A number of designs were soon submitted in re- 
sponse to the advertisement, but they were all 
promptly rejected. A little while after an outline 
of a design was submitted by Stephen Hal late, a 
talented French architect, resident of New York. 
It was satisfactory in its general features, and he 
was invited to confer with the commissioners about 
it. He came to the city of Washington, examined 
the site chosen for the Capitol, and then made a 
series of sketches for the purpose of elaborating his 
design. The commissioners were pleased with his 
sketches, desired him to finish his design, and they 
would accept it. Agreeable to this understanding 
Mr. Hal late returned to New York to do the work. 

There was then living in New York an English- 
man named William Thornton, who was a clerk of 
patents in the Government service ; he drew a hand- 
some plau of the Capitol which he submitted to 
Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State. The 



11 



plan was approved by the high officials, and Presi- 
dent Washington requested the commissioners to 
adopt it. 

The commissioners then notified Hallate of the 
action taken and sent him a copy of Thornton's 
plan. When Hallate saw it he became indignant 
and declared that Thornton had stolen it from his 
sketches. However, Thornton's plan was accepted, 
and Mr. Hallate was appointed one of the archi- 
tects of the Capitol, with a salary of $2,000 a year. 

James Hoban, an Irishman, the architect of the 
President's house, was appointed supervising archi- 
tect of the Capitol. Stephen Hallate felt displeased 
with the commissioners on account of being de- 
prived of the honor of designing the Capitol, and 
so plainly did he show his displeasure that the com- 
missioners had to dismiss him. They then ap- 
pointed George Hatfield, a resident of Washington, 
to finish the north wing of the Capitol. But Mr. 
Hatfield and the commissioners could not agree, 
and Mr. Hatfield was forced to resign his position 
after about two months' service. James Hoban 
was then compelled to carry the work to comple- 



tion by himself. He did so, and had it ready for 
occupancy by Congress in November, 1800. 

Two years afterwards the commissioners secured 
the services of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and gave 
him full power to complete the Capitol after his 
own plans. He soon demolished the greater part 
of the north wing, and then began to build on a bet- 
ter plan. He finished both wings of the Capitol 
in 1811, and connected them by a wooden bridge. 

Mr. Latrobe resigned in 1817. He was suc- 
ceeded by Charles Bulfinch, a Boston architect, who, 
in 1827, worked on Mr. Latrobe's plans. 

Under the architect Robert Mills' administra- 
tion nothing of consequence was done to the exte- 
rior, and only a few slight improvements made to 
the interior. 

The corner stone of the south extension was laid 
on the 4th of July, 1851. 

Thomas U. Walter, of Philadelphia, was the 
architect of the extension. He prepared the plans 
for it and also the plans for the present dome/ The 
work was done under the supervision of Gen. M. 
C. Meigs. The extension was finished in 1867. 



Eight years were required to build the dome. It 
is made of the strongest cast iron, about four thous- 
and tons having been used in it. The work is so 
well done that it is thought it will never need to be 
repaired. 

Important sanitary improvements were made in 
the Capitol during 1892 and 1893, under Mr. Ed- 
ward Clark, the present architect. 

On the 1st of March, 1792, Major L'Enfant's 
public services were dispensed with by President 
Washington, and Mr. Ellicott was ordered to finish 
the work of laying out the city. 

During the month of October, 1800, the govern- 
ment took possession of Washington. John Adams 
was President; John Marshall, Secretary of State ; 
Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury ; Samuel 
Dexter, Secretary of War, and Benjamin Stoddart, 
Secretary of the Navy. 

The government of the District by Commission- 
ers was continued from 1791 to 1802. On the 3d 
of May, 1802, Congress granted a charter to the 
City of Washington. By this charter the Council 
was elected by the citizens and the Mayor appoint- 
ed by the President. 



14 

The first Mayor appointed was Robert Brent and 
by a succession of appointments he held office till 
June, 1811, when he declined to serve any longer. 
The first election was held on the 7th of June, 1802, 
and on Monday, June 14th, 1802, the Council con- 
vened at the Capitol. 

In compliance with the request of a committee of 
citizens Congress passed a supplementary act on 
May 4, 1812, making the corporation to consist of 
a Mayor, a Board of Aldermen, and a Common 
Council, the Board of Aldermen and the Com- 
mon Council to be elected by the people and the 
Mayor to be elected b} r both bodies in joint session. 
Under this act an election was held June 1, 1812, 
and Daniel Rapine was elected Mayor. A new 
charter granted to the city by Congress, May 15, 
1820, provided that the Mayor should be elected by 
the people to serve for two years from the second 
Monday in June, the Board of Aldermen to be 
composed of two members from each ward, to serve 
for two years, and the Board of Common Council 
to be composed of three members from each ward, 
to serve for one year. By this act the city was 



15 



divided into six wards. Samuel 'N. Smallwood was 
the first Mayor under the charter of 1820, and he 
was succeeded by Thomas Carberry, who was elected 
in 1822. M. G. Emery was the last Mayor of 
Washington. He was elected in 1870, and his 
term expired in June, 18 71, on account of the 
abolition of the three municipal governments then 
existing, and the establishment of a Territorial 
form of government in place of them. The three 
forms in existence in the District prior to the estab- 
lishment of the territorial government were a 
Mayor and City Council for Washington, a similar 
system for Georgetown and the county was gov- 
erned by the Levy Court. 

The Territorial form consisted of a Governor 
and other executive officers, and a legislature com- 
posed of seventeen members of the Legislative As- 
sembly and forty-six members of the House of 
Delegates. There was also a Delegate in Congress. 
Tiie Governor and other executive officers and the 
members of the Legislative Assembly were appoint- 
ed by the President. The Delegate in Congress 
and the members of the House of Delegates were 
blected by the people. 



16 

On June 20, 1874, Congress abolished the Ter- 
ritorial form of government, and instead of it gave 
a temporary form of government by three Commis- 
sioners, and by act of Congress passed on the 11th 
of June, 1878, this form of government gave way 
to the form of government by three Commissioners, 
which is now in existence. 



-4¥- 



Statues, Public Buildings and Parks, 



The Capitol covers very nearly five acres. It is 
751J feet long and 324 feet wide. There are very 
many fine statues and paintings in it. The statue 
of Freedom is on the dome and on the portico are 
groups representing many interesting American 
subjects. There is a delightful forty-six acre park 
around the Capitol, in the eastern part of which is 
Green ough's statue of Washington, ordered by 
Congress in 1832 for the purpose of placing it 
over a tomb, in which was intended to put the re- 
mains of General Washington. But the heirs of 
Washington declining to allow the removal of his 
remains from Mount Vernon the tomb was not 
built. 

The bronze statue of John Marshall, who was 
Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 
1835, adorns the western grounds of the Capitol. 
It bears the following inscription : " Erected by 
the Bar and the Congress of the United States, 
A. P. 1884." 



18 

Tlie National Botanical Garden is adjacent to 
the western part of the Capitol Park. There are 
a great many rare plants and trees in this garden. 

The Naval Monument is on Pennsylvania ave- 
nue, near the main entrance of the western grounds 
of the Capitol. It was designed by Admiral Por- 
ter and its elaborate granite foundation was de- 
signed by Mr. Edward Clark, the present architect 
of the Capitol. 

Judiciary Square, in which the City Hall and 
Pension Building are located, is one of the very 
beautiful parks of Washington. It is about twenty 
acres in extent. There is a 'monument of Abra- 
ham Lincoln in front of the City Hall, facing Four- 
and-a-half street. 

The Smithsonian National Museum and Army 
Medical Museum are on the Smithsonian grounds. 
There is no place in which much time could be 
more pleasurably and profitably spent. The Na- 
tional Museum is possessed of more objects of 
interest than any other institution in the world. 
The Smithsonian Park extends from Seventh to 
Twelfth streets southwest and fro in B street south- 



19 



west to B street northwest. The Smithsonian is the 
bequest of James Smithson, a native of London, 
England. 

The Department of Agriculture is separated 
from the Smithsonian Park by Twelfth street. The 
Department building is handsome and the grounds 
are beautiful. 

The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, in 
which all the money issued by the government is 
printed, is only a couple of blocks southwest of the 
Department of Agriculture. A visit to this bureau 
will repay anyone. 

The Monument Grounds adjoin the Bureau of 
Engraving and Printing. These grounds and the 
" White Lot," adjacent to them, form a splendid 
park. The grounds, perhaps, are better known 
than any other public grounds in Washington, on 
account of the many organizations that have en- 
camped on them. 

The Washington Monument is on the Monu- 
ment Grounds. 

The corner-stone of the Washington monument 
was laid on the 4th of July, 1848, and on the u'th 



20 

of December, 1881, the capstone which completed 
it was set. The shaft is 555 feet 4 inches high. It 
rests on a foundation 36 feet 8 inches deep, making 
an aggregate height from the foundation bed of 592 
feet. The base of the monument is 55 feet square, 
the lower walls 15 feet thick and at the 500-feet 
elevation, where the pyramidal top begins, the walls 
are only 18 inches thick and about 35 feet square. 
The weight of the monument is 81,120 tons. It 
is the highest shaft in the world. The next in 
height are the Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, 543 
feet ; the Cologne Cathedral in Germany, the central 
spire of which is 524 feet; the Antwerp Cathedral 
in Belgium, 476 feet, and St. Peter's at Rome, 448 
feet. The City Hall at Philadelphia, when com- 
pleted, will be 535 feet. 

The corner-stone of the President's House was 
laid on the 13th of October, 1792. The house is 
a little north of the Monument. It was in good 
condition for occupancy in 1800. It has two 
stories and basement. It is 175 feet from east to 
west and 86 feet from north to south. There is a 
large portico at the main entrance and a circular 



21 



colonnade on the south side. There is a charming 
view of the Potomac and the lands along its bor- 
ders from the south side. The East Room, the 
Green Room, the Blue Room and the Red Room 
are called the state parlors of the White House. 
These rooms are nicely furnished and exquisitely 
decorated. 

Visitors to the White House in day time are 
allowed to enter the East Room at pleasure. But 
entrance to the other parlors is allowed only by 
escort at certain intervals during the morning 
hours. 

The second story contains the business offices of 
the President and his private apartments. The 
library room, where the President receives his 
callers during the day, and the Cabinet room, where 
the members of the Cabinet consult with the Pres- 
ident, are the principal public rooms. 

The Treasury Department is a few hundred feet 
east of the White House, the Monument sou,h of 
it, the magnificent State, War and Navy Building 
a few hundred feet west of and about the same 
distance north of it is the beautiful Lafayette Park, 



22 



in which there is an equestrian statue of General 
Andrew Jackson and a monument to General Lafay- 
ette, and in which there ought to be monuments 
to Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Mon- 
roe, General U. S. Grant and Major L'Eufant. 

There is an equestrian bronze statue of General 
Washington in the Washington Circle, Pennsylvania 
avenue, near Twenty-fourth street, N. W. This is 
one of the most choice spots in the city, and after 
the extension of the Mail and the arching of Rock 
Creek it will be the most desirable part of Wash- 
ington. Washington's statue in the Circle and 
Jackson's statue in Lafayette Park are the work of 
Clark Mills. 

Admiral Farragut's statue is in Farragut Square, 
Connecticut avenue, near K street. 

There is an equestrian bronze statue of General 
Scott in Scott Square, Sixteenth and N streets, N. W. 

Admiral Dupont's statue is in Dupont Circle, 
near P and Nineteenth streets. 

General McPherson's statue is in McPherson 
Square, in the square at Fifteenth and I streets. 

General Rawlins' statue is opposite the Centre 
Market, between Seventh and Ninth streets. 



23 



General Thomas' statue is in Thomas Circle, 
Fourteenth street and Massachusetts avenue. 

The Garfield statue is in the small circle at the 
intersection of First street and Maryland avenue, 
adjoining the Capitol grounds on the west. In it 
General Garfield is represented in three types of 
manhood, namely, student, warrior, and statesman. 

Garfield Park is from South Capitol to Third 
street, below E street, southeast. 

In Lincoln Park, about seven acres in extent, 
one mile east of the Capitol, at East Capitol and 
Eleventh streets, there is a bronze monument, of 
beautiful design, cast in Munich in 1875 and dedi- 
cated to President Lincoln on the 14th of April, 
1876. 

There is an equestrian statue of General Na- 
thaniel Green, of the Continental Army, in Green 
Square, Capitol Hill. 

The Corcoran Gallery of Art is at the corner of 
Pennsylvania avenue and Seventeenth street, oppo- 
site the State, War and Navy Building. Mr. W. 
W r . Corcoran deeded it to trustees on the 10th of 
May, 1869, to be held forever as a gallery of art 



24 

for the use and benefit of the public* The build- 
ing is open to visitors free two days in the week and 
on the other days a small admission fee of 25 cents 
is charged. By act of Congress the institution is 
exempt from taxation forever. Some of the finest 
works of art can be found in it. A new gallery 
will soon be erected on New York avenue, corner 
Seventeenth street. 

The Department of Justice is opposite the Treas- 
ury Department. 

The General Post Office occupies the square 
between Seventh and Eighth, E and F streets. 
There is annexed to it a large building on the west 
side of Eighth street. The City Post Office is 
located on G, between Sixth and Seventh streets, 
but there is a new City Post Office in the course 
of construction which will be numbered among the 
finest public buildings in Washington. The struc- 
ture is on the south side of Pennsylvania avenue, 
immediately west of Eleventh street. 

The Department of the Interior, generally known 
as the Patent Office, extends from Seventh to Ninth 
streets and from F to G streets. It is opposite 



25 

the General Post Office. There are many valuable 
models in the Patent Office. The Indian Bureau, 
the General Land Office and such other bureaus, ex 
cept the Pension Office, as come under the Secretary 
of the Interior are in the Interior Department. 

The Patent Office building was commenced in 
1837 and completed in 1364, under the supervision 
of Mr. Edward Clark, assistant to the architect oi 
the Capitol at that time. In 1836 the Patent Office 
was where the general post-office is now, and in 
that year the building and all the models in it were 
destroyed by fire. The models destroyed had been 
accumulated during forty-six years of the office's 
existence. 

A fire occurred in the present Patent Office on 
the 24th of September, 1877, which destroyed many 
thousands of models, and burned out the greater 
portion of the upper story of the whole building. 

Rock Creek Park, a few miles from the centre 
of the city, northwest, comprises nearly 200 acres. 
Walks and drives add much to the beauty bestowed 
upon it by nature. It cost $1,200,000. Nearby 
is the Zoological Park, one of the most extensive 



2G 

of its kind in the world. In 1607 buffalo, elk, 
deer and other animals of the forest were found 
roaming without restraint where many of their kind 
are now confined. Captain John Smith wrote 
interesting letters relative to the abundance of 
fish and wild fowl he found in the Potomac, the 
wild animals he found along its borders and the 
pleasure the Indians found in hunting them for 
food and covering. 

The Soldiers' Home, a few miles north of the 
Capitol, was established by act of Congress in 
1851 at the suggestion of General Scott. Soldiers 
of the United States army having served twenty 
years arc entitled to reside in it during the remainder 
of their lives without cost. Those disabled in. the 
service can also live in it. The governor of the 
Home is a retired army officer, appointed by the 
President, The inmates are. well provided for. 
They have good quarters, good board and means of 
all kinds of rational amusement. A tax of 12 
ecnts a month is assessed on each soldier in the 
army to aid in paying the expenses of the institu- 
tion. The grounds are extensive, attractively laid 



27 



out and covered with groves of oak trees. They 
are a favorite place of resort in the vernal season. 

The Government Printing Office is located on H 
and North Capitol streets. More than 3,000 peo- 
ple arc usually employed in it. It costs the gov- 
ernment more than $2,000,000 a year to run it. 

The Washington Navy Yard is located on the 
Eastern Branch of the Potomac river, about a mile 
southeast of the Capitol. It was established shortly 
after the government took possession of the cit\ . 
Many of the finest ships of war possessed by the 
United States were built in it. Some of the largest 
guns of the country have been manufactured in ii, 
and in the great workshops and foundries some arc 
now being constructed. The Marine Barracks arc 
quite close to the Navy Yard. 

The Barracks, formerly the Washington Arsenal, 
are a little to the west of the Navy Yard. 

The Government Hospital for the Insane is sit- 
uated on a hill which rises from the banks of the 
Eastern Branch. It ranks very high among insti- 
tutitions of the kind. Its management is as nearly 
pcrfect as it is possible for an institution of the 
kind to be. 



28 



The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 
is situate on " Kendall Green," Seventh street, 
northeast. 

The Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying- 
in-Asylum is at the eorner of L and Twenty-fifth 
streets, northwest. 

The Congressional Cemetery, which was laid out 
in 1807 with 10 acres, now embraces 30 acres. The 
remains of a great many of the nation's distin- 
guished men lie there. The tombs of all bear be- 
coming inscriptions, as do also many empty tombs 
erected to the memory of members of Congress 
whose remains are sleeping in other places. 

The Washington branch of the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad was opened on the 25th of August, 
1835, and in 1836 the Long Bridge across the 
Potomac was made a connecting link between the 
city of Washington and the State of Virginia. 
The bridge is serviceable yet- It is one mile long 
and cost $100,000. On the night of May 23, 
1861, a column of Union soldiers marched over 
it into Virginia. On the same night two other 
columns of Union soldiers entered Virginia, one 



29 



by way of the Georgetown aqueduct jriclge and 
the other by way of Alexandria, and on the fol- 
lowing morning a system of works for the defence 
of the National Capital was commenced in the 
State of Virginia, and very soon after works of 
defence were built around the entire city. 

Fortunately, the places that then wore appear- 
ances of war now present features of peace, unity, 
industry and prosperity. 

On August 21, 1814, very shortly after the bat- 
tle of Bladensburg, the British marched for Wash- 
ington, arrived on the eastern ground of the Capitol 
early in the evening and after having fired a few 
volleys through the windows of the building, 
marched into the wing used by the House of Rep- 
resentatives. Admiral Cockburn then took the 
Speaker's chair, called the assemblage to order and 
shouted : " Shall this harbor of Yankee Democracy 
be burned?" The motion was unanimously carried. 
By order of Gen. Ross, all the books and pictures in 
the Congressional Library were then piled in heaps 
on the floor of the House of Representatives, fire 
set to them and in about half an hour the Capitol 



30 



was in ruins. The army then marched to the Pres- 
ident's House and burned it. Many other build- 
ings, public and private, the workshops at the Navy 
Yard and the fort at Greenleaf Point were also 
destroyed by this army of invasion. The loss to the 
government was about two million dollars and the 
citizens' loss was more than half a million. 

In place of the burned Capitol there is now one 
of the grandest, if not the grandest, structures in the 
known world, and the Congressional Library build- 
ing, when completed, will excel any other building 
in the world erected for library purposes. 

The cost of the Capitol is estimated at about 
thirty-one million dollars, which is considered very 
little in proportion to the grandeur of the building 
and highly complimentary to all the architects con- 
nected with its construction. 

It would be rather difficult to estimate the cost of 
the Library building just now, but it is very safe 
to say that no dollar appropriated for its construc- 
tion will be misapplied. 

In the year 1800 the population of Washington 
was 3,210; in 1808, 8,208; in 1820, 13,247; in 



31 



1830, 18,826; in 1840, 23,364; in 1850,40,001; 
in 1860, 61,122; in 1870, 109,199 ; in 1880, 177,- 
624; in 1890, 230,392, and in this year of our 
Lord, 1894, it is not very much less than 270,000. 

Washington is the seat of government of the 
greatest country that ever was governed, because it 
is, as a rule, governed by people who know how to 
govern themselves. Washington will surely excel 
all other cities in the world in all things that go to 
make a city great. Its beautiful public and private 
buildings, its clean, well paved, well shaded streets 
and avenues, its well systematized sewerage, its de- 
lightful and well cared for public parks, the hospi- 
tality, intelligence and integrity of its citizens will 
attract to it lovers of elegance, science, literature, 
arts and religion, from all parts of the world. 

The events of interest in Washington during the 
war were completed by the grand review of the 
Union army on the 23d and 24th of May, 1865, 
on which occasion the city was profusely decorated, 
arches, banners and floral embellishments being at 
every point, and the school children of the city, 
with their teachers, assembled on the eastern por- 



32 

tico and grounds of the Capitol, greeting the pass- 
ing soldiers with songs, cheers and garlands. 

The Knights Templar held their conclave here 
in September, 1889, and they were so much 
charmed with the city and its hospitable people 
that they regretted the duties of life called them 
away. 

The twenty -sixth National Encampment of the 
Grand Army of the Republic was held here in Sep- 
tember, 1892, and it was only excelled by the grand 
review of May, 1865. The managers were capa- 
ble and the management a great success. The old 
soldiers, to the number of about 80,000, took part 
in the parade. A striking feature of it was the 
civic escort of one hundred, which took the right of 
line and presented so fine an appearance. Mr. 
Louis D. Wine was the head of the escort commit- 
tee, and on his staff were ex-Confederate and Union 
soldiers who acted harmoniously together; indeed, 
the ex-Confederates acted as zealously for the suc- 
cess of the encampment as did those whom they 
had formerly met in many well-fought battles. The 
animosities engendered during the war are now en- 



33 



tirely obliterated, and the country is more re-united 
and powerful than it ever was before. The twenty- 
sixth National Encampment Grand Army of the 
Republic is a credit to those who have taken part 
in it, a credit to Washington, and will make a 
bright page in American history. 

Washington had so much transformed since the 
old veterans marched through it in 18G5 many of 
them were perfectly amazed. 



;gHj/fe_ | 



II 



DISTANCES 

ON THE 

Potomac from Sirtb Street Wbarf, 



WASHINGTON, 



flDoutb of Gbesapeafee Bas- 

To Naval Magazine Wharf. 3^ 

To Ferry Slip at Alexandria 4 7 « 

To Port Washington Wharf nv 3 

To Mount Vernon Wharf UU 

To Marshall Hall 15 l i 

To Glymont Wharf 21 ?« 

To Quantiea Railroad Wharf 32% 

To Upper Cedar : oint Light. House 62% 

To Lower Cedar Point Light House 60% 

To Port Tobacco Landing •• Gi J a 

To Colonial Beach 68 'i 

To Blackistone Light House • , 78 L a 

To Piney Point Light House 91 'a 

To St. Mary's 105 

To Point Lookout Light House I05 l a 

To Smith Point Light House lie. 1 * 

T«» Month of Chesapeake Bay (the Capes) 184 '* 

To Fortress Monroe Wharf i87 l . 

To Boston Wharf, Norfolk . 199', 



Distances from Washington to Other Points of Interest. 



Albany. N. Y 370 

Atlanta, Ga 653 

Baltimore, Md 40 

Bismarck, N. Dak i,6io 

Boise City, Idaho 2,602 

Boston, Mass 44r> 

Buffalo, N. Y 437 

Cape Mav, N. J 226 

Carson City, Nev 2,900 

Charleston, S. C 676 



Chattanooga, Tenn 625 

Cheyenne, Wyo 1,762 

Chicago, 111 79i 

Cincinnati, Ohio 55:5 

Cleveland, Ohio 440 

Columbus, Ohio 487 

Concord, N. H 491 

Deadwood, S. Dak 1,848 

Denver, Col 1,766 

Des Moipes, Iowa - 1420 



35 



Detroit, Mich 615 

Galveston, Texas- 1,561 

Harrisburg, Pa ~ 125 

Hartford, Conn 390 

Helena, Mont 2,295 

Hot Springs, Ark 1,139 

Indianapolis, Ind 611 

Jacksonville, Fla MQ 

Kansas City, Mo 1,138 

Louisville, Ky 6S3 

Memphis, Term 935 

Milwaukee, Wis 857 

Montgomery, Ala 829 

Montnelier. Vt 565 

New Orleans, La 1,116 

Omaha, Nebr. 1,246 

Philadelphia, Pa 138 

Pittsburg, Pa 303 



Portland, Me 553 

Portland, Oreg - 3,072 

Prescott, Ariz 2,560 

Providence. R. 1 417 

Rich mend, Va 116 

St. Louis, Mo 894 

St. Paul, Minn 1,172 

Salt lake City, Utah 2,324 

San Francisco, Cal 3,141 

Savannah, Ga 677 

Tacoma, Wash 3,100 

Topeka, Kans 1.206 

Trenton, N. J 171 

Vicksburg, Miss 1,050 

Vinitia, Ind. Ter 1,258 

Wheeling, W, Va 353 

Wilmington, Del Ill 

Wilmington, N. C 365 



-m^> 



Constitution of the United States. 



Tho fu!l text of the Constitution of the United States and the 
Amendments thereto are printed below. Its insertion in this 
work seoms to oe the proper place for an instrument in weich 
every American citizen is vitally interested, and with which he 
should be entirely familiar. 

We, the people of the United States, in order 
to form a more perfect Union, establish justice., 
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the com- 
mon defence, promote the general welfare and 
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our 
posperity, do ordain and establish this Constitu- 
tion for the United States of America. 
ARTICLE I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted 
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, 
which shall consist of a Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives. 

Section II. 1. The House of Representatives 
shall be composed of members chosen every second 
year by the people of the several States, and the 
electors in each State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch 
of the State Legislature. 

2. No person shall be a Representative who 



37 



shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years 
and been seven years a citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant 
of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several States which may be 
included within this Union according to their re- 
spective numbers, which shall be detarmined by 
adding to the whole number of free persons, in- 
cluding those bound to service for a term of years, 
and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be 
made Within three years after the first meeting of 
the Congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as 
they shall by law direct. The number of Repre- 
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
Representative; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be en- 
titled to choose 3; Massachusetts, 8 ; Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; 
New York, G; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; 
Delaware, 1; Maryland, 6; Virginia, 10; North 
Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5, and Georgia, 3.* 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation 

*See Article XIV., Amendments. 



38 



from an)- State, the Executive Authority theroof 
shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5. The House o{ Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the 
sole power of impeachment. 

Section III. 1. The Senate of the United States 
shall be composed of two Senators from each State 
chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; 
and each Senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be 
divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be 
vacated at the expiration of the second year, of 
the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every 
second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna- 
tion or otherwise during the recess of the Legisla- 
ture of any State, the Executive thereof may make 
temporary appointments until the next meeting of 
the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancy. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been 
nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
State for which he shall be chosen. 



39 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall 
be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote 
unless the\ be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall chose their other officers, 
and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of 
the Vice-President, or when he Khali exercise the 
office of President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, 
they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief 
Justice shall preside; and no person shall be con- 
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
ilie members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal of office, and dis- 
qualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or 
profit under the United States; but the party con- 
victed shall nevertheless be liable and subject to 
indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, ac- 
cording to law. 

Section IV. 1. The times, places, and manner 
of holding elections for Senators and Representa- 
tives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- 
lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time 
by law make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing Senators. 



40 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first 
Monday in December, unless they shall by law ap- 
point a different day. 

Section V. 1. Each House shall be the judge 
of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its 
own members, and a majority of each shall consti- 
tute a quorum to do business; but a smaller num- 
ber may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
authorized to compel the attendance of abseil 4 
members in such manner and under such penalties 
as each House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its- 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly 
behavior, and with the concurrence of two -thirds 
expel a member. 

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- 
ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, 
excepting such pirts as may in their judgment re- 
quire secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the mem- 
bers of either House on any question shall, at the 
desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on 
the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of Con- 
gress, shall, without the consent of the other, ad- 
iourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the tvyo Houses shall be 
Sitting. 



41 



Section VI. 1. The Senators and Representa- 
tives shall receive a compensation for their services, 
to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
Treasury of the United States. They shall in all 
cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attend- 
ance at the session of their respective Houses, and 
in going to and returning from the same; and for 
any speech or debate in cither House they shall not 
be questioned in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed to 
any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emol- 
uments whereof shall have been increased during 
such time; and no person holding any office under 
the United States shall be a member of either 
Houre during his continuance in office. 

Section VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue 
shall originate in the House of Representatives, 
but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments, as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it 
come a law, be presented to the President of the 
United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but 
if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to 



42 



that House in which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, 
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon- 
sideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to 
pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the ob- 
jections, to the other House, by which it shall 
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in 
all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be de- 
termined by yeas and nays and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be en- 
tered on the journal of each House respectively. 
If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law 
in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
Congress by their adjournment, prevent its return ; 
in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives may be necessary (except on a question 
of adjournment) shall be presented to the President 
of the United States; and before the same shall 
take effect shall be approved by him, or being dis- 
approved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of 
the Senate and the House of Representatives, ac- 
cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in 
the case of a bill. 



43 

Section VIII. 1. The Congress shall have 
power : 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- 
cises, to pay the debts and provide for the common 
defence and general welfare of the United States ; 
but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several States, and with the Indian 
tribes. 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization 
and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
throughout the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and 
of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures. 

6. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the United 
States. 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 

8. To promote the progress of science and use- 
ful arts by securing for limited times to authors and 
inventors the exclusive right to their respective 
writings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Su- 
preme Court. 



44 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offences against 
the law of nations. 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on 
land and water. 

12. To raise and support armies, hut no appro- 
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
term than two years. 

13. To provide and maintain a navy. 

14. To make rules for the government and regu- 
lation of the land and naval forces. 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrec- 
tions and repel invasions. 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
ciplining the militia, and for governing such part 
of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States, reserving to the States respectively 
the appointment of the officers, and the authority 
of training the militia according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress. 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten 
miles square) as may, by cession of particular States 
and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of 
the Government of the United States, and to exer- 



45 



cise like authority over all places purchased by the 
consent of the Legislature of the State in which 
the same shall he, for the erection of forts, maga- 
zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful 
buildings. And 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the fore- 
going powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the Government of the United 
States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Section IX. 1. The migration or importation 
of such persons as any of the States now existing 
shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege ot the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of 
rebellion or invasion the public safety may require 
it. 

3. No biU of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumera- 
tion hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
ported from any State. 



46 

6. No preference shall be given by any regula- 
tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one 
State over those of another, nor shall vessels bound 
to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or 
pay duties in another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; 
and regular statement and account of the receipts 
and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
lished from time to time. 

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States. And no person holding any office 
of profit or trust under them shall, without the 
consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolu- 
ment, office, or title of any kind whatever from any 
king, prince or foreign state. 

Section X. 1. No State shall enter into any 
treaty, alliance, or confederation, grant letters of 
marque and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of 
credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a 
tender in payment of debts, pass any bill of attain- 
der, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
tion of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or 
exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws; and the net pro- 



47 

duce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on 
imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
Treasury of the United States; and all such laws 
shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships 
of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement 
or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
or in such imminent danger as will not admit of 
delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section I. 1. The executive power shall be 
vested in a President of the United States of 
America. He shall hold his office during the term 
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, 
chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as 
the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of 
electors, equal to the whole number of Senators or 
Representatives to which the State may be entitled 
in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative or 
person holding an office of trust or profit under 
the United States shall be appointed an elector. 

3. [The electors shall meet in their respective 
States and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom 



48 

one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. And they shall make a list 
of all the persons voted for, and the number of 
votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify 
and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government 
of the United States directed to the President of 
the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in 
the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
shall then be counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes shall be the President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed, and if there be more than one 
who have such a majority, and have an equal num- 
ber of votes, then the House of Representatives 
shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for 
President; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list the said 
House shall in like manner chose the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each State 
having one vote. A quorum, for this purpose 
shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after 
the choice of the President, the person having the 
greatest number of votes of the electors shall be 



49 



the Vice-President. But if there should remain 
two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall 
elioose from them by ballot the Vice-President.]* 

4. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors and the day on which they 
shall give their votes, which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the 
adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the office of President; neither shall any person 
be eligible to that office who shall not have attained 
to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen 
years a resident within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to 
discharge the powers and duties of the said office, 
the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and 
the Congress may by law provide for the case of re- 
moval, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 
President and Vice-President, declaring what offi- 
cer shall then act as President, and such officer shall 
act accordingly until the disability be removed or a 
President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall neither 

*T14s clause is superseded by Article XII, Amendment. 



50 



be increased or deminished during the period for 
which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
receive within that period any other emolument 
from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office 
he shall lake the following oath or affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the office of President of the 
United States, and I will, to the best of my ability, 
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of 
the United States. 

Section II. 1. The President shall be Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the 
United States, and of the militia of the several 
States, when called into the actual service of the 
United States; he may require the opinion, in 
writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
executive departments upon any subject relating to 
the duties of their respective offices, and he shall 
have power to grait reprieves and pardons for 
offences against the United States except in cases 
of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, pro- 
vided two-thirds of the Senators present concur ; 
and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, 



51 

other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United 
States whose appointments are not herein other- 
wise provided for, and which shall be established 
by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the ap- 
pointment of such inferior officers as they think 
proper in the President alone, in the courts of law 
or in the heads of Departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the 
Senate by granting commissions, which shall expire 
at the end of their next session. 

Section III. He shall from time to time give to 
the Congress information of the state of the Union, 
and recommend to their consideration such meas- 
ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he 
may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
ment between them with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as 
he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors 
and other public ministers ; he shall take care that 
the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commis- 
sion all the officers of the United States. 

Section IV. The President, Vice-President, and 
all civil officers of the United States shall be re- 
moved from office on impeachment for and convic- 



52 

tion of treason, bribery, or other high crime and 
misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section I. The judicial power of the United 
States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in 
such inferior courts as the Congress may from time 
to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of 
the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
offices during good behavior, and shall at stated 
times receive for their services a compensation 
which shall not be diminished during their contin- 
uance in office. 

Section II. 1. The judicial power shall extend 
to all cases in law and equity arising under this 
Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, to all cases of admi- 
ralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies 
to which the United States shall be a party ; to con- 
troversies between two or more States, between a 
State and citizens of another State, between citizens 
of different States, between citizens of tiie same 
State claiming lands under grants of different Stales 
and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and 
foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 



53 



lie ministers ami consuls, and those in which a State 
shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have origi- 
nal jurisdiction. Jn all the other cases before men- 
tioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jur- 
isdiction both as to law and fact, with such excep- 
tions and under such regulations as the Congress 
shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be 
held in the State where the said crimes shall have 
been committed ; but when not committed within 
any State the trial shall be at such place or places 
as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section III. 1. Treason against the United 
States shall consist only in levying war against them, 
or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of 
treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 
shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except 
during the life of the person attained. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section I. Full faith and credit shall be given 
in each State to the public acts, records, and judi- 
cial proceedings of every other State. And the 



54 



Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner 
in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall 
be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section II. 1. The citizens of each State shall 
be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citi- 
zens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, 
and be found in another State, shall, on demand of 
the executive authority of the State from which he 
fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, 
under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
service or labor may be due. 

Section III. 1. New States ma) be admitted 
by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State 
shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
of any other State, nor any State be formed by the 
junction of two or more States, or parts of States, 
without the consent of the Legislatures of the States 
concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of 
and make all needful rules and regulations respect- 



55 

ing the territory or other property belonging to the 
United States; and nothing in this Constitution 
shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of 
the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section IV. The United States shall guaran- 
tee to every State in this Union a republican form 
of government, and shall protect each of them against 
invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or 
of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be 
convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments 
to this Constitution, or, on the application of the 
Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, 
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents 
and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when rat- 
ified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the sev- 
eral States, or by conventions in three-fourths there- 
of, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no 
amendment which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
manner affect the first and fourth clauses iu the 
ninth section of the First Article ; and that no State, 



56 

without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
into before the adoption of this Constitution shall 
be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution as under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof and 
all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall 
be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several State Legis- 
latures, and all executive and judicial officers, both 
of the United States and of the several States, thai I 
be bound by oath or affirmation to support this 
Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be 
required as a qualification to any office or public 
trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 
The ratification of the Conventions of nine States 
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Con- 
stitution between the States so ratifying the same. 



57 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an estab- 
lishment of religion, or prohibiting the tree exercise 
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of 
the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to 
assemble, and to petition the Government fur a re- 
dress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a free State, the right of the people to 
keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house without the consent of the owner, nor 
in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by 
law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreason- 
able searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and 
no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, 
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly 
describing the place to be searched, and the persons 
or things to be seized. 



58 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital 
or other infamous crime unless on a presentment or 
indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising 
in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when 
in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; 
nor shall any person be subject for the same offence 
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
be compel ltd in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or 
property, without due process of law; nor shall pri- 
vate property be taken for public use without just 
compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an 
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district 
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and 
to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- 
sation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- 
nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of 
counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits of common law, where the value in con- 
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of 



59 



trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried 
by a jury bhall be otherwise re-examined in any 
court of the United States than according to the 
rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excess- 
ive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 
ments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain 
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States 
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not 
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, 
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens 
or subjects of any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XII. 
The electors shall meet in their respective States, 
and vote by ballot for President and Yice-Presi- 



60 



dent, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabi- 
tant of the same State with themselves ; they shall 
name in their ballots the person voted for as Presi- 
dent, anil in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists 
of all persons voted for as President, and of all 
persons voted for as Vice President, and of the 
number of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the 
government of the United States, directed to the 
President of the Senate; the President of the Sen- 
ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House 
of Representatives, open all the certificates, and 
the votes shall then be counted ; the person having 
the greatest number of votes for President shall 
be the President, if such number be a majority of 
the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
person have such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers not exceeding three, 
on the list of those voted for as President, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, 
by ballot, the President. But in choosing the? Pres- 
ident, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre- 
sentation from each State having one vote ; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the States, and a 
majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 



61 



choice. And if the House of Representatives shall 
not choose a President, whenever the right of 
choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 
day of March next following, then the Vice- Presi- 
dent shall act as President, as in the case of the 
death or other constitutional disability of the Pres- 
ident. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-Presi- 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of electors appointed, and if no person 
have a majority, then from the two highest num- 
bers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- 
sary to a choice. But no person constitutionally 
ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible 
to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party 
shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
the United States, or any place subject to their 
jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 



62 



ARTICLE XIV. 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the United States and of the State 
wherein they reside. No State shall make or en- 
force any law which shall abridge the privileges or 
immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, 
or property without due process of law, nor deny 
to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
tection of the laws. 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several States according to their respective 
numbers, counting the whole number of persons in 
each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when 
the right to vote at any election for the choice of 
electors foi President and Vice-President of the 
United States, Representatives in Congress, the ex- 
ecutive and judicial officers of a State, or the mem- 
bers of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of 
the male members of such a State being of twenty- 
one years of age, and citizens of the United States, 
or in any way abridged, except for participation in 
rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which 
the number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of 
age in sueh State. 



63 



3. No person shall be a Senator or Representa- 
tive in Congress, or elector of President and Vice- 
President, or holding any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any State, who, 
having previously taken an oath, as a member of 
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
as a member of any State legislature, or as an ex- 
ecutive or judicial officer of any State, to support 
the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies 
thereof. But Congress may. by a vote of two- 
thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred 
for payment of pensions and bounties for services 
in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not 
be questioned. But neither the United States nor 
any State shall assume or pay any debt or obliga- 
tion incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss 
or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, 
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and 
void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by 
appropriate legislation the provisions of this arti- 
cle. 



64 



ARTICLE XV. 

1. The right of the citizens of the United States 
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the 
United Suites, or by any Slate, on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the 
provisions of this article by appropriate legislation. 



-41^ 



Wcishingtoo's Last Will 



;i In the name of God, Amen. I, George Wash- 
ington, of Mount Vernon, a citizen of the United 
Stntcs, and lately President of the same, do make, 
ordain, and declare this instrument, which is writ- 
ten with my own hand, and every page subscribed 
with my name, to he my last Will and Testament, 
revoking all others. 

" Imprimis. — All my debts, of which there are 
but few, and none of magnitude, are to be punctu- 
ally and speedily paid, and the legacies, hereinafter 
bequeathed, are to be discharged as soon as circum- 
stances will permit, and in the manner directed. 

" Item. — To my dearly beloved wife, Marl ha 
Washington, I give and bequeath the use, profit, 
and benefit of my whole estate, real and personal, 
for the term of her natural life, except such parts 
thereof as are specially disposed of hereafter. My 
improved lot in the town of Alexandria, situated 
on P and Cameron streets, I give to her and her 
heirs forever ; as I also do my household and kitchen 
III 



66 



furniture of every sort and kiwi, with the liquors 
and groceries which may be on hand at the time of 
my decease, to be used and disposed of as she may 
think proper. 

" Item. — Upon the decease of my wife, it is my 
will and desire that all the slaves whom I hold in 
my own right shall receive their freedom. To 
emancipate them during her life would, though 
earnestly wished by me, be attended with such in- 
superable difficulties, on account of their intermix- 
ture by marriage with the dower negroes, as to ex- 
cite the most painful sensations, if not disagreeable 
consequences to the latter, while both descriptions 
arc in the occupancy of the same proprietor; it not 
being in my power, under the tenure by which the 
dower negroes are held, to manumit them. And 
whereas, among those who will receive freedom 
according to this devise, there may be some who, 
from old age or bodily infirmities, and others who, 
on account of their infancy, will be unable to sup- 
port themselves, it is my will and desire that all 
who crime under the first and second description 
shall be comfortably clothed and fed by my heirs 



67 

while they live ; and that such of the latter descrip- 
tion as have no parents living, or, if living, are un- 
able or unwilling to provide for them, shall be 
bound by the court until they shall arrive at the 
age of twenty-five years; and, in cases where no 
record can be produced whereby their ages can be 
ascertained, the judgment of the court, upon its own 
views of the subject, shall be adequate and final. 
The negroes thus bound are (by their masters or 
mistresses) to be taught to read and write, and to 
be brought up to some useful occupation, agreeably 
to the laws of the commonwealth of Virginia, pro- 
viding for the support of orphan or other poor chil- 
dren. And I do hereby expressly forbid the sale 
or transportation, out of the said commonwealth, of 
any slave I may die possessed of, under any pre- 
tence whatsoever. And I do, moreover, most point- 
edly and most solemnly enjoin it upon my execu- 
tors hereafter named, or the survivors of them, to 
see that this clause respecting slaves, and every part 
thereof, be religiously fulfilled a! the epoch at which 
it is directed to take place, without evasion, neglect, 
or delay, after the crops which may then be in the 



68 



ground are harvested, particularly as it, respects the 
aged an 1 infirm; seeing that a regular and perma- 
nent fund be established lor their support; as iong 
as there are subjects requiring it, not trusting to the 
uncertain provision to be made by individuals. 
And to my mulatto man, William, calling himseli 
William Lee, 1 give immediate freedom, or, if he 
should prefer it (on account <>f" the accidents which 
have befallen him, and which have rendered him 
incapable of walking, or of any active employment), 
to remain in the situation he now is, it shall be 
optional in him to do so ; in either case, however, I 
allow him an annuity of thirty dollars during his 
natural life, which shall be independent of the vic- 
tuals and clothes he has been accustomed to receive^ 
if he chooses the last alternative; but in full with 
his freedom, if he prefers the first; and this I give 
him, as a testimony of my sense of his attachment 
to me, and for his faithful services during the Rev- 
olutionary war. 

" Item. — To the trustees (governors, or by what- 
soever other name they may be designated) of the 
Academy in the town of Alexandria, I give and 



69 



bequeath, in trust, four thousand dollars, or in 
other words, twenty of the shares which I hold in 
the Hank of Alexandria, towards the support of a 
free school, established at and annexed to the said 
Academy, for the purpose of educating such orphan 
children, or the children of such other poor and 
indigent persons as are unable to accomplish it 
with their own means, and who, in the judgment of 
the trustees of said seminary, are best entitled to 
the benefit of this donation. The aforesaid twenty 
shares I give and bequeath in perpetuity; the divi- 
dends only of which are to be drawn for and ap- 
plied, by the said trustees for the time being, for 
the uses above mentioned ; the stock to remain en- 
tire and untouched, unless indications of failure of 
the said bank should be so apparent, or a discon- 
tinuance thereof should render a removal of the 
fund necessary. In either of these cases, the 
amount of stock here devised is to be vested in 
some other bank or public institution, whereby the 
interest may with regularity and certainty be drawn 
and applied as above. And to prevent misconcep- 
tion, my meaning j s , and is hereby declared to be, 



70 



that these twenty shares are in lien of, and not in 
addition to, the thousand pounds given by a mis- 
sive letter some years ago, in consequence whereof 
an annuity of fifty pounds has since been paid to- 
wards the support of this institution. 

" Item. — Whereas by a law of the Commonwealth 
of Virginia, enacted in 1785, the legislature thereof 
was pleased, as an evidence of its approbation of 
the services I had rendered the public during the 
Revolution, and partly, I believe, in consideration 
of my hoving suggested the vast advantages which 
the community would derive from the extension of 
its inland navigation under legislative patronage, 
to present, me with one hundred shares, of one hun- 
dred dollars each, in the incorporated company es- 
tablished lor the purpose of extending the naviga- 
tion of James River from the tide water to the 
mountain ; and also with fifty shares, of £100 ster- 
ling each, in the corporation of another company, 
likewise established for the similar purpose of open- 
ing the navigation of the River Potomac from tide 
water to Fort Cumberland ; tin; acceptance of 
which, although the offer was highly honorable and 



71 



grateful to my feelings, was refused, as inconsistent 
with the principle which I had adopted, and had 
never departed from, viz., not to receive pecuniary 
compensation for any services I could render ray 
country in its arduous struggle with Great Britain 
for its rights, and because I had evaded similar 
presents from other States in the Union ; adding to 
this refusal, however, an intimation that, if it should 
be the pleasure of the legislature to permit me to 
appropriate the said shares to public uses, I would 
receive them on those terms with due sensibility; 
and this it having consented to, in flattering terms, 
as will appear by a subsequent law, and sundry 
resolutions, in the most ample and honorable man- 
ner : I proceed after this recital, for the more cor- 
rect understanding of the case, to declare that, as 
it has always been a source of serious regret with 
me to see the youth of these United States sent to 
foreign countries for the purpose of education, often 
before their minds were formed, or they had im- 
bibed any adequate ideas of the happiness of their 
own ; contracting too frequently not only habits of 
dissipation and extravagance, but principles un- 



72 

friendly to republican government, and to the true 
and genuine liberties of mankind, which thereafter 
are rarely overcome; for these reasons it has been 
my ardent wish to see a plan devised, on a liberal 
scale, which would have a tendency to spread sys- 
tematic ideas through all parts of this rising em- 
pire, thereby to do away with local attachments 
and State prejudices, as far as the nature of things 
would, or indeed ought to admit, from our national 
councils. Looking anxiously forward to the ac- 
complishment of so desirable an object as this is 
(in my estimation), my mind has not been able to 
contemplate any plan more likely to effect the meas- 
ure than the establishment of a University in a 
central part of the United States, to which the 
youths of fortune and talents from all parts thereof 
may be sent for the completion of their education 
in all the branches of polite literature, in arts and 
sciences, in acquiring knowledge in the principles 
of politics and good government, and, as a matter 
of infinite importance in my judgment, by asso- 
ciating with each other, ami forming friendships in 
juvenile years, be enabled to free themselves in a 



73 

proper degree from those local prejudices and 
habitual jealousies which have just been mentioned, 
and which, when carried to excess, are never-failing 
sources of disquietude to the public mind, and preg- 
nant of mischievous consequences to this country. 
Under these impressions, so fully dilated, I give 
and bequeath, in perpetuity, the fifty shares which 
I hold in the Potomac Company (under the afore- 
said acts of the legislature of Virginia) towards the 
endowment of a University, to be established 
within the limits of the District of Columbia, un- 
der the auspices of the general government, if that 
government should incline to extend a fostering 
hand towards it ; and until such seminary is estab- 
lished, and the funds arising on these shares shall 
be required for its support, my further will and 
desire is, that the profit accruing therefrom shall, 
whenever the dividends are made, be laid out in 
purchasing stock in the Bank of Columbia, or some 
other bank, at the discretion of my executors, or by 
the Treasurer of the United States for the time be- 
ing, under the direction of Congress, provided that 
honorable body should patronize the measure ; and 



74 

the dividends proceeding from the purchase of such 
stock are to be vested in more stock, and so on un- 
til a sum adequate to the accomplishment of the 
object is obtained; of which I have not the smallest 
doubt before many years pass away, even if no aid 
or encouragement is given by the legislative author- 
ity, or from any other source. 

"Item. — The hundred shares which I hold in the 
James River Company I have given, and now con- 
firm in perpetuity, to and for the use and benefit 
of Liberty Hall Academy, in the County of Rock- 
bridge, in the Commonwealth of Virginia.'' 

Jared Sparks says in his life of Washington : 
"The donation to Washington College (formerly 
known as Liberty Hall Academy) has been produc- 
tive, and the proceeds arising from it have con- 
tributed essential aid to that institution. No part 
of the other fund has been employed for literary 
purposes. The Potomac Company seems to have 
been merged in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
Company. The shares appropriated by Washing- 
ton's will are doubtless held in trust by the latter 
company for their destined object." 



75 

The will directs that the estate of his deceased 
brother, Samuel Washington, shall be released from 
the payment of money due for land, and also that 
the balance due from the estate of Bartholomew 
D^ndridge shall be released. Sundry legacies were 
given to the nieces and nephews of Washington. 
His papers and library were given to his nephew, 
Judge Bushrod Washington, the son of his brother, 
John Augustine Washington. Legacies were given 
to friends, such as " To my companion in arms and 
old and intimate friend, Dr. Craik, I give my bureau 
(or as the cabinet-makers call it, my tambour sec- 
retary) and the circular chair, an appendage of my 
study. " " To General de Lafayette, I give a pair 
of finely-wrought steel pistols, taken from the 
enemy in the Revolutionary war." "To Tobias 
Lear, I give the use of the farm which he now 
holds in virtue of a lease from me, free of rent dur- 
ing his life.'' He gave each of his five nephews a 
sword, with the injunction " not to unsheath them 
for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be in 
self-defense, or in defense of their country and its 
rights ; and in the latter case to keep them un- 



76 

sheathed, and prefer foiling with them in their 
hands to the relinquishment thereof." 

To his nephew, Bushrod Washington, and his 
heirs, he gave a certain part of the Mount Vernon 
estate, with the mansion and other buildings, as, lie 
says, "partly in consideration of an intimation to 
his deceased father while we were bachelors, and he 
had kindly undertaken to superintend my estate 
during my military services in the former war be- 
tween Great Britain and France, that, if I should 
fall therein, Mount Vernon, then less extensive in 
domain than at present, should become his prop- 
erty ." His estate of 2,027 acres east of Little 
Hunting creek he gave to his nephews, George 
Fayette Washington and Lawrence Augustine 
Washington. 

The will continues: " And whereas it has always 
been my intention, since my expectation of having 
issue has ceased, to consider the grandchildren of 
my wile in the same light as I do my own relation, 
and to act a friendly part by them > more; especially 
by the two whom we have raised from their earliest 
infancy, namely, Eleanor Parke (Just is and George 



17 

Washington Parke Custis ; and whereas the former 
of these hath lately intermarried with Lawrence 
Lewis, a son of my deceased sister, Betty Lewis, 
by which union the inducement to provide for them 
both has been increased; wherefore I give and be- 
queath to the said Lawrence Lewis and Eleanor 
Parke Lewis, his wife, and their heirs, the residue 
of my Mount Yernon estate not already devised to 
my nephew, Bushrod Washington." This portion 
consisted of about two thousand acres, and em- 
braced his flour mill, distillery, and other buildings. 

The will continues: "Actuated by the principle 
already mentioned, I give and bequeath to George 
Washington Parke Custis, the grandson of my 
wife, and my ward, and to his heirs, the tract I 
hold on Four Mile Run, in the vicinity of Alexan- 
dria, containing one thousand two hundred acres, 
more; or less, and my entire square, No. 21, in the 
city of Washington." 

The remainder of his estate, real and personal, 
was to be divided into twenty-three equal parts, 
and disposed of to his nephews and nieces accord- 
ing to a division he describes in detail — that is, so 
many parts to each. 



78 

The will concludes as follows: "The family 
vault at Mount Vernon requiring repairs, and being 
improperly situated besides, I desire that a new one 
of brick, and upon a larger scale, may be built at 
the foot of what is commonly called the Vineyard 
Enclosure, on the ground which is marked out ; in 
which my remains, with those of my deceased rela- 
tions (now in the old vault), and such others of my 
family as may choose to be entombed there, may be 
deposited. And it is my express desire that my 
corpse may be interred in a private manner, without 
parade or funeral oration. 

" Lastly, J constitute and appoint my dearly- 
beloved wife, Martha Washington, my nephews, 
William Augustine Washington, Bushrod Washing- 
ton, George Steptoe Washington, Samuel Washing- 
ton, and Lawrence Lewis, and my ward, George 
Washington Parke Custus (when he shall have ar- 
rived at the age of twenty-one years), executrix and 
executors of this my will and testament, in the con- 
struction of which it will be readily perceived that 
no professional character has been consulted or has 
had any agency in the draft; and that although it 



79 



has occupied many of my leisure hours to digest 
and to throw into its present form, it may, notwith- 
standing, appear crude and incorrect; but having 
endeavored to be plain and explicit in all the devises, 
even at the expense of prolixity, perhaps of tautol- 
ogy, I hope and trust that no disputes will arise 
concerning them. But if, contrary to expectation, 
the case should be otherwise from the want of legal 
expressions or the usual technical terms, or because 
too much or too little has been said on any of # the 
devises to be consonant with law, my will and direc- 
tion expressly is that all disputes (if, unhappily, any 
should arise) shall be decided by three impartial 
and intelligent men, known for their probity a id 
good understanding; two to be chosen by the dis- 
putants, each having the choice of one, and the third 
by those two ; which three men, thus chosen, shall, 
unfettered by law or legal constructions, declare 
their sense of the testator's intention ; and such 
decision is, to all intents and purposes, to be as 
binding on the parties as if it had been given in the 
Supreme Court of the United States." 

The will is dated July 9, 1799, and is signed in 



80 



a hold, clear hand, every page having Washington's 
name. The original manuscript is preserved in the 
record office of the Fairfax county court-house, in 
Virginia. 

After Mrs. Washington's death, Bushrod Wash- 
ington resided for some years at Mount Vernon, 
lie was a member of the Supreme Court of the 
United States, and a jurist of profound learning and 
inflexible honesty. He died in 182(3, and the Mount 
Vernon estate became the property of his nephew, 
John Augustine Washington. At his death, in 1832, 
his son, John Augustine Washington, was the heir. 
He held the estate until 1860, when he disposed of 
it to the Mount Vernon Asssociation. 



The Home of Washington. 



Mount Vernon is sixteen miles below the Capitol, 
in Fairfax county, Virginia. Originally it com- 
prised about six thousand acres, and was divided 
into five farms. What is now known as Mount 
Vernon is but a lew acres in extent, and is pari of 
what was formerly the mansion-house farm. 

The Mount Vernon Association was incorporated 
in 1856 and purchased Mount Vernon in I860 for 
$200,000, contributed in large and small amounts 
by people in all the States. The object of the Mount 
Vernon Association in purchasing the place was to 
keep it forever for the benefit of the American 
people. George Washington inherited Mount Ver- 
non when he was about twenty-one years of age. 
His half-brother, Lawrence Washington, received 
the estate at the death of his father, and named it 
Mount Vernon in honor of Admiral Vernon of the 
British navy. It was the home of Oeorge Wash- 
ington for more than forty years, and in it he en- 



82 



tertained Lafayette and many other distinguished 
people. 

The mansion in which Washington lived is a 
wooden building, two stories and an attic, ninety 
feet long and thirty feet wide. . A portico of pan- 
elled columns extends across its whole eastern front. 
It has a peak roof with a cupalo. It is surrounded 
by beatiful lawns, gardens and driveways. 

The old family vault is about three hundred yards 
south of the family mansion. Washington's body 
remained in this vault for many years. In 1828 a 
new tomb was constructed a short distance from 
the old tomb and the remains of Washington and his 
wife and other members of the family were deposited 
in it. 

On October 7, 1837, the remains of Washington 
were put in a marble coffin eighteen feet long, three 
feet wide and two feet high. The coffiu was ex- 
cavated from a block of Pennsylvania marble, and 
its cover is Italian marble. 

The arms and insignia of the United States and 
the name "Washington" are plainly sculptured on 
the lid or covering stone, 



83 



The remains of Mrs. Washington are deposited 
in a similar marble sarcophagus, and on the lid is 
inscribed "Martha, consort of George Washington, 
died May 21st, 1801, aged 71 years." 

General Washington was born February 22, 1732, 
in Westmoreland county, Virginia. On January 
7, 1759, he was married to Martha Dandridge 
Custis, widow of Daniel Parke Custis. On Decem- 
ber 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as com- 
mander of the army, at Annapolis, was elected first 
President of the United States in 1789, re-elected 
in 1793, and died at Mount Vernon December 14, 
1799. 

Arlington is directly opposite Washington on the 
Virginia bank of the Potomac. The estate com- 
prises 1,160 acres. About 200 acres are used for 
the cemetery and most of the remainder for a cav- 
alry station, known as Fort Myer. John Custis 
first gave the name of Arlington to this estate. 
He paid £1 1,000 for it. This Custis married the 
daughter of Colonel Daniel Parke, of Virginia. By 
this marriage there were two children, a son and a 
daughter. The daughter married an English army 



84 



officer. The son, Daniel Parke Custis, married 
Martha Dandridge, of Williamsburg, Virginia. 
After marriage they lived at the White House farm 
in Virginia until the death of the elder Custis, 
when they removed to Arlington. Daniel Parke 
Custis died before he was thirty-five years old, 
leaving two children, a boy and a girl. Arlington 
was left by will to the boy, John Parke Custis, and 
I lie White House estate to the girl, Eleanor Custis. 
The remainder of Daniel's property, $100,000, was 
left by will to the widow Custis. George Wash- 
ington met the widow Custis, they fell in love witli 
each other and on the fall of January, 1759, they 
were married. Washington gave great attention to 
the management of the Arlington estate, and him- 
self and Mrs. Washington spent many pleasant days 
there. 

John Parke Custis grew to manhood, but his sis- 
ter died at the age of seventeen. John married 
Miss Calvert, of Maryland. He was an aidc-de- 
camp to Washington at the battle of Yorktown, 
and died of fever soon after the battle. He left. 
two infant children and they were adopted by Gen- 



85 



eral Washington. They were named Washington 
Parke Cnstis and Nelly Custis. 

Nelly Custis married Major Lawrence Lewis, of 
Virginia. George Washington Parke Custis re- 
mained at Mount Vernon till he was twenty-one, 
when he took possession of the Arlington estate. 
When he came into possession of Arlington he im- 
mediately began the erection of a grand mansion 
on the brow of the hill and expended a good deal 
of money in its construction. He oecupied it in 
1803. In about a year after he married Mary Lee 
Fitzhugh. Four children were born to them, all 
girls, but only one survived infancy. George 
Washington Parke Custis died in 1857. His wife 
died in 1853. Their only child, Mary Randolph 
Custis, was married to Lieutenant Robert E. Lee 
in 1832. Lieutenant Lee, now well known to the 
reading world as General Robert E. Lee, was the 
son of Governor Lee, of Virginia, who, in de- 
livering the oration at the Congressional funeral 
ceremony in honor of Washington, said: "First 
in peace, first in war, first in the hearts of his 
countrymen. " 



86 



The Arlington estate was left to Mrs. R. E. Lee 
for life ; after her death to descend to her eldest son. 

Arlington remained in possession of the Lee 
family till 1861, at which time Colonel Lee decided 
to join the Confederacy. It was then taken pos- 
session of by United States troops. It was sold 
for taxes in 1864. It could not he confiscated, se 
taxes were levied on it, and the Government bo ugh I 
it for $23,000. 

General George Washington Custis Lee sued for 
the recovery of the property, the case went to the 
Supreme Court of the United States and General 
Lee gained it. He then proposed compromise with 
the Government. His proposal was accepted by 
Congress, and in 1884 he transferred all his right 
title and interest in the Arlington estate to the 
United States for $150,000. * 

The remains of more than 16,000 soldiers of the 
late war repose in Arlington cemetery. 



The Executive. 



THE PRESIDENT. 

Grover Cleveland, President, was born in Cald- 
well, Essex County, N. J., March 18, 1837. On 
July 8, 1884, he was nominated for President, and 
was elected, receiving 219 electoral votes against 
182 electoral votes cast for James G. Blaine; was 
renominated for the Presidency in 1888, and was 
defeated by Benjamin Harrison by an electoral vote 
of 233 against 168 ; was again nominated for the 
Presidency in 1892, and was elected, receiving 276 
electoral votes against 145 electoral votes for Ben- 
jamin Harrison, and was inaugurated March 4, 
1893. 

MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. 

Walter Quinton Gresliam, of Chicago, 111., was 
born near Lanesville, Harrison County, Ind., March 
17, 1832; was prominently before the National Re- 
publican Convention in 1888 as a candidate for 
President. He was appointed to his present posi- 
tion by President Cleveland March 6, 1893. 



88 

John Griffin Carlisle, of Covington, Ky., Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, was born in what. is now 
Kenton County, Ky., September 5, 1835 ; was 
elected to Congress for six consecutive terms ; was 
elected Speaker in the Forty-eight, Forty-ninth, 
and Fiftieth Congress, and was elected to the United 
States Senate May 17, 1890, resigned, and became 
a member of President Cleveland's Cabinet March 
7, 1893. 

David Scott Lamont, of New York city, Secre- 
tary of War, was born in Cortiandville, N. Y., 
February 9, 1851 ; was private secretary and mili- 
tary secretary to drover Cleveland, of New York, 
from February, 1883, to March, 1885, and private 
secretary to President Cleveland from March, 1885, 
to March, 1889. He was appointed to his present 
office by President Cleveland in March, 1893. 

Richard Olney, of Boston, Mass., Attorney - 
General-, was born in Oxford, Worcester County, 
Mass., September 15, 1835. lie was appointed to 
his present position by President Cleveland in 
March, 1893. 

Wilson Shannon Bissell, of Buffalo, N. Y., Post. 



89 

master-General, was born in New London, Oneida 
County, N. Y., December 31, 1847; served as 
presidential elector at large in 1884, and was ap- 
pointed Postmaster-General by President Cleve- 
land March 6, 1893. 

Hilary A. Herbert, of Montgomery, Ala., Sec- 
retary of* the Navy, was born at Lawrence ville, S. 
C, removed with his father at the age of twelve 
years to Greenville, Butler County, Ala. ; served 
in the confederate army, was disabled in the battle 
of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864; afterward prac- 
ticed law at Greenville till 1872, when he removed 
to Montgomery; was elected to the Forty-fifth, 
Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Forty-eighth, Forty- 
ninth. Fiftieth, and Fifty-second Congress; was 
appointed Secretary of the Navy by President 
Cleveland, and entered upon the discharge of the 
duties of the office on the 7th of March, 1893. 

Hoke Smith, of Atlanta, Ga., Secretary of the 
Interior, was bom in Newton, N. C, September 2, 
1855, and never held a public office until ap- 
pointed Secretary of the Interior by President 
Cleveland in March, 1893. 



90 

Julius Sterling Morton, of Nebraska City, Nebr., 
Secretary of Agriculture, was born in Jefferson 
County, N. Y., April 27, 1832; located at Bel- 
view, Nebr., in 1854; was nominated for governor 
in 1866, and was defeated by 145 votes; has been 
the Democratic candidate for governor three times 
since, and been the candidate of his party several 
times for United States Senator. 



'Ni 



Departmental Inforroatior). 



Executive Mansion, Pennsylvania avenue, be- 
tween Fifteenth and Seventeenth streets: Presi- 
dent of the United States, Gfover Cleveland ; pri- 
vate secretary, Henry T. Thurber ; U. S. District 
Marshal, Albert A. Wilson. 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 

Department of State, Seventeenth street, south 
of Pennsylvania avenue. Secretary of State, Wal- 
ter Q. Gresham. 

Tli E A S U II Y DEP A RTM ENT. 

Treasury Department, Fifteenth street and Penn- 
sylvania avenue. The following-named offices are 
in the Treasury Building: Secretary of Treasury, 
John G. Carlisle. Supervising Architect's Offiee, 
in Treasury Building. Supervising Architect, Jere- 
miah O'Rouke; First Auditor, Third Auditor, 
Fourth Auditor, Fifth Auditor, Treasurer of the 
United States, Comptroller of the Currency, Com- 
missioner of Internal Revenue, Director of the 



92 

Mint, Bureau of Navigation, and Light House 
Board* 

Secret Service Division, Treasury Building. 

Office of Steamboat Inspection, Maltby Building, 
New Jersey avenue and B street N. W. 

Bureau of Statistics, Adam's Building, 1335 F 
street N. W. 

Life-saving Service, Treasury Department Build- 
ing. 

Commissioner of Customs, in Treasury Depart- 
ment Building. 

Register of the Treasury, in Treasury Depart- 
ment Building. 

The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is sit- 
uated at Fourteenth and B streets S. W. 

The Second Auditor's Office, in Winder's Build- 
ing, corner of Seventeenth and F streets N. \V. 

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 
in the Coast and Geodetic Survey Building, south 
of the Capitol. 

The Marine Hospital Service office is o B street 
S. E. 



93 



WAR DEPARTMENT. 

War Department, Seventeenth street, south of 
Pennsylvania avenue. Secretary of War, Daniel 
S. Lament. 

Headquarters of the Army, in War Department 
Building. 

Office of the Inspector General, in War Depart- 
ment Building. 

Office of the Judge- Advocate-General, in War 
Department Building. 

Office of the Quartermaster-General, in War 
Department Building. 

Office of the Adjutant-General, in War Depart- 
ment Building. 

Office of the Commissary -General of Subsistence, 
in War Department Building. 

Office of the Surgeon-General, in War Depart- 
ment Building. 

Office of the Paymaster-General, in War De- 
partment Building. 

Office of the Chief of Engineers, in War De- 
partment Building. 



94 



DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

Department of Justice. Pennsylvania avenue, 
between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets. Attorney- 
General, Richard Gluey. 

Officer of the Solicitor of the Treasury, Treas- 
ury Building. 

POST-0 FFIOE D El> A RTM ENT . 

Post-Office Department, corner of Seventh and 
E streets N. W. Office of the Postmaster General. 
Postmaster-General, Wilson S. Bissell, the Arling- 
ton. 

Office of the First Assistant Postmaster-General, 
Post-Office Department Building. 

Office of the Second Assistant Postmaster-Gen- 
eral, Post-Office Department Building. 

Office of Third Assistant Postmaster-General, 
Post-Office Department Building. 

NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

Navy Department, east wing State, War, and 
Navy Building. Secretary of the Navy, Hilary A. 
Herbert. 

Bureau of Ordnance, first floor, east wing. 



95 

Bureau of Equipments, third floor, east wing. 

Bureau of Navigation, second floor, east wing. 

Hydrographic Office, basement, Navy Depart- 
ment. 

Bureau of Yards and Docks, third floor, east 
wing. 

Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, first floor, east 
wing. Paymaster-General Edwin Stewart, 1315 
New Hampshire avenue. 

Bureau of Steam Engineering, third floor, east 
wing. 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, first floor, 
south wing., 

Office of the Judge-Advocate-General, second 
floor, east wing, room 278. 

Nautical Almanac, office, room K66, Navy De- 
partment, and northwest corner Nineteenth street, 
and Pennsylvania avenue, N. W. 

Naval War Records Office and Library, fourth 
floor, east wing. 

Board of Inspection and Survey, basement, Navy 
Department, room 86. 

Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department? 
fourth floor. 



96 

Navy- Yard and Station, foot of Eighth street 
S. E. ' 

Navy Pay Office, 1425 New York avenue N. W. 
Pay Inspector T. T.. Caswell, 1609 Thirty-fifth 
street N. W. 

Naval Hospital, Pennsylvania avenue, between 
Ninth and Tenth streets, S. E. 

Steel Inspection Board, Navy Department, third 
floor, room 364. 

Museum of Hygiene, 1707 New York avenue. 

Naval Dispensary, 1707 New York avenue. 

Naval Examining Board, room No. 87, basement, 
east wing. 

Naval Retiring Board, room No. 87, basement, 
east wing. 

Naval Medical Examining Board, room No. 89, 
basement, east wing. 

State, War, and Navy Department Building, 
Superintendent's room, No. 148, first floor, north 
wing. 

Naval Observatory, Georgetown Heights. 

Headquarters U. S. Marine Corps, Eighth street 
S. E. 



97 



Marine Barracks, Was) 11112, ton, D. C, Eighth 
street S. E. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

Department of the Interior, corner of Seventh 
and F streets N. W. Secretary of the Interior, 
Hoke Smith, 1412 Massachusetts avenue N. W. 

General Land Office, Interior Department Build- 
ing. 

PATENT OFFICE. 

Patent Office, Interior Department Building. 

Bureau of Pensions, New Pension Building, Ju- 
diciary Square. 

United States Pension Agency, No. 308 F street 
N. W. 

Office of Indian Affairs, seventh floor, Atlantic 
Building, F street, south side, between Ninth and 
Tenth N. W. 

Office of Education, northeast corner of Eighth 
and G streets N. W. 

Office of Commissioner of Railroads, third floor 
new Pension Building, Judiciary Square. 

Office of the Geological Survey, Hooe Building, 
1330 F street N. W. 

IV 



98 
Census Office, No. 512 Ninth street, northwest. 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Department of Agriculture, the Mall, between 
Twelfth and Fourteenth streets. Office of the 
Secretary of Agriculture. Secretary of Agricul- 
ture, J. Sterling Morton, the Cochran. 

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 

Department of Labor, National Safe Deposit 
Building, corner Fifteenth street and New York 
avenue N. W. 

United States Civil-Service Commission, offices, 
City Hall Building. 

Building for the Library of Congress, office, L45 
East Capitol street. 

Government Printing Office, corner North Cap- 
itol and H streets. 

United States Fish Commission, office, corner 
Sixth and B streets S. W. 

The Soldiers' Home. Board of Commissioners. 
Office No. 55 War Department, north wing. 



Department Duties. 

THE DEPARTMENT Or' STATE. 

The Secretary of State. — -The Secretary of Suite 
is charged, under the direction of the President, 
with the duties appertaining to correspondence with 
the public ministers and consuls of the United 
States, and with the representatives of foreign 
powers aeer edited to the United States ; and to ne- 
gotiations of whatever character relating to the 
foreign affairs of the United States. He is also the 
medium of correspondence between the President 
and the chief executive of the several States of the 
United States; he has the custody of the great seal 
of the United States, and countersigns and affixes 
such seal to all executive proclamations, to various 
commissions, and to warrants for pardon, and the 
extradition of fugitives from justice. He is regarded 
as the first in rank among the members of the 
Cabinet. He is also the custodian of the treaties 
made with foreign states, and of the laws of the 
United States. He grants and issues passports, 



100 

and exequaturs to foreign consuls in the United 
States are issued through his office. He publishes 
the laws and resolutions of Congress, amendments 
to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the 
admission of new States into the Union. He is 
also charged with certain annual reports to Con- 
gress relating to commercial information received 
from diplomatic and consular officers of the United 
States. 

The Assistant Secretary of Stale becomes the Act- 
ing Secretary of State in the absence of the Secre- 
tary. Under the organization of the Department 
the Assistant Secretary, Second Assistant Secretary, 
and Third Assistant Secretary are respectively 
charged with the immediate supervision of all cor- 
respondence with the diplomatic and consular offi- 
cers in the countries named in the divisions of those 
Bureaus, and of the miscellaneous correspondence 
relating thereto, and, in general, they are intrusted 
with the preparation of the correspondence upon 
any questions arising in the course of the public 
business that may be assigned to them by the Sec- 
retary. 



101 



THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

The Secretary of the Treasury. — The Secretary 
of the Treasury is charged by law with the man- 
ngement of the national finances. He prepares 
plans for the improvement of the revenue and for 
the support of the public credit; superintends the 
collection of the revenue, and prescribes the forms 
of keeping and rendering public accounts and of 
making returns; grants warrants for all moneys 
drawn from the Treasury in pursuance of appro- 
priations made by law, and for the payment 01 
moneys into the Treasury; and annually submits to 
Congress estimates of the probable revenues and 
disbursements of the government. He also con- 
trols the construction of public buildings; the coin- 
age and printing of money ; the collection of statis- 
tics ; the administration of the coast and geodetic 
survey, life-saving, light-house, revenue-cutter, 
steamboat inspection, and marine hospital branches 
of the public service, and furnishes generally such 
information as may be required by either branch 01 
Congress on all matters pertaining to the foregoing. 

The routine work of the Secretary's office is 



102 



transacted in the offices of the Supervising Archi- 
tect, Director of the Mint; Superintendent of En- 
graving and Printing, Supervising Surgeon-Gen- 
eral of Marine Hospitals, General Superintendent 
of Life-Saving Service, Supervising Inspector -Gen- 
eral of Steamboats, Bureau of Statistics, Light- 
House Board, and in the following divisions : War- 
rants, Estimates, and Appropriations ; Appoint- 
ments; Customs; Public Moneys; Loans and Cur- 
rency ; Revenue-Marine ; Stationery, Printing, and 
Blanks ; Mails and Files ; Special Agents and 
Miscellaneous. 

THE WAft DEPARTMENT. 

The Secretary of War.— The Secretary of War 
is at the head of the War Department, and per- 
forms such duties as the President may enjoin 
upon him concerning the military service. 

He has supervision of all the estimates of appro- 
priations for the expenses of the Department, of 
all purchases of Army supplies, and of all expendi- 
tures for the support and transportation of the 
Army, and of such expenditures of a civil nature 
as are by law placed under his direction. 



103 

He also has supervision of the United States 
Military Academy at West Point ; of national ceme- 
teries ; of the publication of the Official Records 
of the War of the Rebellion, and of the Board of 
Ordnance and Fortification. 

He has charge of all matters relating to river 
and harbor improvements; the prevention of ob- 
struction to navigation; the establishment of har- 
bor lines, and approves the plans and location of 
bridges authorized by Congress to be constucted 
over the navigable waters of the United States. 

THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

The Attorney -General. — The Attorney-General 
is the head of the Department of Justice, aud the 
chief law officer of the Government. He repre- 
sents the United States in matters involving legal 
questions ; he gives his advice and opinion on ques- 
tions of law when they are required by the Presi- 
dent or by the heads of the other Executive Depart- 
ments, on questions of law arising upon the admin- 
istration of their respective Departments ; he exer- 
cises a general superintendence and direction over 



104 

United States Attorneys and Marshals in all judi- 
cial districts in the States and Territories ; and he 
provides special counsel for the United States when- 
ever required by any Department of the Govern- 
ment. 

He is assisted by a chief clerk and other clerks 
and employees in the executive management of the 
business of the Department. 

A law clerk, who is also an examiner of titles, 
assists the Attorney-General in the investigation of 
legal questions and in the preparation of opinions. 

The Solicitor-General. — The Solicitor-General as- 
sists the Attorney-General in the performance o* 
his duties, and in case of a vacancy in the office of 
Attorney -General, or in his absence, exercises all 
these duties. Except when the Attorney-Genera] 
otherwise directs, the Attorney-General and Solici- 
tor-General conduct and argue all cases in the Su- 
preme Court and in the Court of Claims in which 
the United States is interested; and, when the At- 
torney-General so directs, any such ease in any court 
of the United States may be conducted and argued 
by the Solicitor-General ; and in the same way the 



105 



Solicitor-General may be sent by the Attorney-Gen- 
eral to attend to the interests of the United States 
in any State court or elsewhere. 

THE POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

The Postmaster-General. — The Postmaster-Gen- 
eral has the direction and management of the Post- 
Office Department. He appoints all officers and 
employees of the Department, except the four As- 
sistant Postmaster-Generals, who are appointed by 
the President, by and with the advice and consent 
ot the Senate ; appoints all postmasters whose com- 
pensation does not exceed one thousand dollars ; 
makes postal treaties with foreign governments, by 
and with the advice and consent of the President, 
awards and executes contracts, and directs the man- 
agement of the domestic and foreign mail service. 

THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

The Secretary of the Navy. — The Secretary of the 
Navy performs such duties as the President of the 
United States who is Commander-in-Chief, may 
assign him, and has the general superintendence of 
construction, manning, armament, equipment, and 
employment of vessels of war. 



106 

The Chief Clerk has general charge of the records 
and correspondence of the Secretary's Oinee. 

The Assistant Secretary of the Navy. — The As- 
sistant Secretary of the Nav}' performs such duties 
in the Navy Department as shall be prescribed by 
the Secretary of the Navy, or may be required by 
law. 

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

The Secretary of the Interior. — The Secretary of 
the Interior is charged with I he supervision of pub- 
lic business relating to patents for inventions ; pen- 
sion and bounty lands ; the public lauds and sur- 
veys ; the Indians ; education; railroads; the geo- 
logical survey; the census; the Hot Springs Reser- 
vation, Arkansas ; the Yellowstone National Park, 
Wyoming, and the Sequoia Parks, California ; dis- 
distribution of appropriations for agricultural and 
mechanical colleges in the States and Territories ; 
the custody and distribution of certain public docu- 
ments ; and certain hospitals and eleemosynary in- 
stitutions in the District of Columbia. He also 
exercises certain powers and duties in relation to 
the Territories of the United States. 



107 

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The Secretary of Agriculture.— The Secretary of 
Agriculture is charged with the supervision of all 
public business relating to the agriculture industry. 
He appoints all the officers and employees of the 
Department, with the exception of the Assistant 
Secretary and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, who 
are appointed by the President, and directs the 
management of all the divisions and sections and 
the bureaus~embraced in the Department. He ex- 
orcises advisory supervision over the agricultural 
experiment stations deriving support from the Na- 
tional Treasury, and has control of the quarantine 
stations for imported cattle, and of interstate quar- 
antine rendered necessary by contagious cattle dis- 
eases. 

The Weather Bureau is organized for the pur- 
pose of forecasting the weather ; for the issue of 
storm warnings; the display of weather and flood 
signals for the benefit of agriculture, commerce and 
navigation ; the gauging and reporting of rivers ; 
the maintenance and operation of seacoast telegraph 
lines, and the collection and transmission of marine 



108 

intelligence for the benefit of commerce and naviga- 
tion ; the reporting of temperature and rainfall con- 
ditions for the cotton interests ; the display of frost 
and cold-wave signals; the distribution of meteor- 
ological information in the interests of agriculture 
and commerce, and the taking of such meteorologi- 
cal observations as may be necessary to establish 
and record the climatic conditions of the United 
States, or as are essential for the proper execution 
of the foregoing duties. 

The principal officials of the bureau are Mark W. 
Harrington, chief; Major H. H. C. Dunwoody, U. 
S. A., acting assistant chief; James R. Cook, chief 
clerk ; Cleveland Abbe, Frank H Bigelovv, Henry 
A. Hazen, Charles F. Marvin, and W. L. Moore, 
professors of meteorology. 

THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 

The Commissioner of Labor. — The Department 
of Labor was established by act of Congress ap- 
proved June 13, 1888. It is placed in charge of a 
Commissioner of Labor, who is directed to acquire 
and diffuse among the people of the United States 



109 

useful information on subjects connected with labor 
in the most general and comprehensive sense of that 
word, and especially upon its relation to capital ; 
the hours of labor ; the earnings of laboring men 
and women; and the means of promoting their 
material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity. 
He is also especially charged, in accordance with 
the general design and duties prescribed by the law, 
at as early a date as possible and whenever indus- 
trial changes shall make it essential, to ascertain the 
cost of producing articles, at the time dutiable in 
the United States, in leading countries where such 
articles are produced, by fully specified units of 
production, and under a classification showing the 
different elements of cost of such articles of produc- 
tion, including wages paid in such industries, etc, 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The Supreme Court of the United States is in 
the Capitol Building. 



Discovery of Cf)esapeaKe Bay. 



Captain Christopher Newport entered the Chesa- 
peake Bay on the % 2(>th of April, 1607, and named 
the headlands at its mouth Cape Henry and Cape 
Charles, in honor of the Prince of Wales and the 
Duke of York. He also gave to what is now known 
as Fortress Monroe the name of Point Comfort on 
account of the sale anchorage it gave to his little 
fleet of three ships with their precious loads ol 
emigrants. 

Thirty of these good people explored the Pow- 
hatan for forty miles from its mouth, and after a 
search of seventeen days selected a spot which they 
named Jamestown, and to its neighboring river 
they gave the name of James River, both being 
named in honor of King James. If Jamestown 
is not the greatest, it is the oldest city of English 
s< ttlement in America. 

Improvidence, famine and disease reduced this 
li tie band of early colonists from 100 to 38 inside 
of one year, and these, too, would have perished but 



Ill 



for timely supplies of corn which Capt. Smith, at 
great risk, had procured from the Indians. 

There were many vicissitudes in this little band, 
and only for the timely arrival of Lord Delaware, 
the first governor, with three hundred emigrants 
and abundant supplies, the few survivors of the 
expedition which sailed from England for the pur- 
pose of settling in Virginia, agreeable to letters 
patent issued on the 10th day of April, 1606, 
would have abandoned the country and left Vir- 
ginia without that great stock of which she is so 
rightfully proud. 

In June, 1608, Capt. Smith formed the design of 
exploring the whole of the Chesapeake Bay for the 
purpose of ascertaining the qualities and resources 
of its territories and establishing friendly relations 
with the Indians. With Dr. Walter Russell, seven 
soldiers and six civilians, he performed in open 
boats two voyages of discovery that occupied about 
three months, and embraced a navigation of more 
than three thousand miles, with prodigious labor 
and great peril he visited every inlet and bay on 
both sides of the Chesapeake from Cape Charles to 



112 



the Susquehanna river ; he sailed up the Patapsco 
and, it is supposed, entered the harbor of Balti- 
more; ascended the Potomac to the Great Falls, 
and carefully examined the territories into which he 
penetrated and the various tribes of Indians who 
possessed them. He brought back with him an 
ample account and accurate plan of the part of 
country he explored. His letters relating to his 
explorations are very interesting reading. 



CabiQ Jofyn Bridge. 

Seven miles from West Washington, upon what 
is known as the "Conduit Road," which follows 
the line of the Washington aqueduct from the 
Capitol to the Great Falls of the Potomac, is one 
of the most noted structures ever reared by the 
hand of man. This structure is the stone bridge 
built by the United States Government over what 
is called Cabin John creek. The Cabin John is a 
stream of respectable volume, which rises at Rook- 
ville, Md., tlows through a most picturesque and 
beautiful section of country, and pours its limpid 



113 



waters into the Potomac river a few hundred feet 
below the point at which the former stream is 
spanned by the great bridge bearing its name — a 
bridge of national renown, which enjoys the dis- 
tinction of being the largest single-arch span in the 
world. The arch has a clear span of 220 feet. 
The bridge is 480 feet in length and 105 feet in 
height. It is built of granite, with a senica stone 
coping along the roadway. 



More financial and social revolutions have taken 
place in the United States of America in 1893 and 
1891 than were ever known of before. However, 
so sound are the principles on which the Govern- 
ment is founded that it is out of the power of shy- 
locks or demagogues to overthrow them. The lit- 
tle unpleasantness that commenced in 1861 and 
terminated in 18(35 is a sure proof that Americans 
can stand a little family quarrel without injury to 
the nation and without ill feelings towards one 
another, 



The Library Building 



Office of Building for Library of Congress, 

Washington, D. C, July 7, 1894. 
Mu. Daniel Shanahan : 

Sir: Your request of the 5th instant for infor- 
mation of the construction of this building is rather 
indefinite, but I give you below a few notes. There 
is no general written description in existence as yet, 
and it would be considerable work to make oik;. 

The building for the Library of Congress is being 
constructed under the direction of the Chief of En- 
gineers of the U. S. Army, General Thos. Lincoln 
Casey, in pursuance of acts of Congress approved 
October 2, 1888, and March 2, 1881). It is about 
470 feet in length by 340 feet in width, 197 feet <; 
inches to top of finial on the dome, and covers 3| 
acres of ground, exclusive of approaches and boiler 
rooms. 

Its architectural design is in style similar to the 
Capitol, three stories high with cellar and attics. 
Tbe material of the main walls is JS T ew Hampshire 



115 



granite, and the structure is of fire-proof material 
throughout. 

The limit of cost is $6,000,000. The capacity 
for books is about 5,000,000 volumes, with ample 
space beside for reading rooms, work rooms, and 
museum. 

The work was practically begun in 1889, and will 
be finished in IS 97. 

There arc lour large open courts. The rotunda 
interior is 100 feet in diameter, 125 feet high, and 
constitutes the grand reading room of the Library. 
Very respectfully, 

Bernard R. Green, 

Supt. and Engineer. 



The Washington City Post-Office. 

Postmaster, Henry Sherwood, 1017 East Capitol 
street. Assistant Postmaster, S. H. Merrill, 920 
P street N. W. 

Money orders issued and paid as follows, Sun- 
days excepted : 

At main office, 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. 



116 



At Georgetown, East Capitol and Stations C, D, 
E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, O, P, R, S, T, and South- 
west Station, 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. 

International money orders issued and paid at 
main office, East Capitol, Georgetown, Station C, 
and Southwest Station. 

Money Order Hates. — In the United States: On 
orders for sums not exceeding $2.50, 3 cents ; over 
$2.50 and not exceeding $5, 5 cents ; over $5 and not 
exceeding $10, 8 cents; over $10 and not exceed- 
ing $20, 10 cents; over $20 and not exceeding 
$30, 12 cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40, 
15 cents; over $40 and not exceeding $50, 18 
cents ; over $50 and not exceeding $60, 20 cents ; 
over $60 and not exceeding $75, 25 cents ; over 
$75 and not exceeding $100, 30 cents. 

A single money order may include any amount 
from one cent to $100, inclusive, but must not con- 
tain the fractional part of a cent. 

CITY POST-OFFICE STATIONS. 

Georgetown Station, Thirty-first street, above M 
street. 



117 



East Capitol Station, corner Fourth and East 
Capitol streets. 

Southwest Station, 714 Four-and-a-half street 
S. W. 

Station C, No. 1413 F street N. W. 

Station D, Fourteenth and P streets. 

Station E, No. 426 Seventh street S. W. 

Station F, No. 1921 Pennsylvania avenue N. W. 

Station G, corner Connecticut avenue and L 
street. 

Station H, No. 2004 Seventh street N. W. 

Station 1, No. 627 Pennsylvania avenue N. W. 

Station K, No. 85 H street N. W. 

Station L, No. 751 Eighth street S. E. 

Station M, corner Fifteenth and G streets N. E. 

Station O, Fourteenth and Park streets. 

Station P, corner Fourteenth and Stoughton 
streets N. W. 

Station R, Ninth and H streets N. E. 

Station S, 1501 Ninth street N. W. 

Station T, Oregon and New Hampshire avenues. 



118 



Places of Amusement. 

Albaugh's Theater, corner of E and Fifteenth 
streets. Main entrance from Pennsylvania avenue, 
near the Randall. 

National Theater, K .street, between Thirteenth 
and Fourteenth streets. 

Harris' Opera House, Ninth street northwest, 
south of Pennsylvania avenue. 

Academy of Music, Ninth and D streets north- 
west. 

Kcrnan's Theater, Pennsylvania avenue, near 
Eleventh street northwest. 



Georgetown was incorporated in 1789 under an 
act of the Maryland Legislature, passed in 1851. 

The remains of John Howard Payne, author of 
u Home, Sweet Home," are entombed in Oak Hill 
cemetery in Georgetown. 



Public Buildings, &c. 

HOW TO GET TO THEM. 

The Capitol is only a few minutes walk from the 
Baltimore and Ohio depot and six blocks from Bal- 
timore and Potomac depot. Take Avenue Cable, 
Herdics, Metropolitan (F street), and Belt Line. 

Executive Mansion (White House). — Take Ave- 
nue Cable and Herdics. 

Treasury Department. — Take Pennsylvania Ave- 
nue Cable, Herdics, F Street Herdics, New York 
Avenue Electric and Columbia Railways. 

Bureau of Engraving and Printing. — Take Belt 
Line and Pennsylvania Avenue Cable, walk three 
blocks. 

War and Navy Departments. — Take Pennsylva- 
nia Avenue Cable, F Street Herdic and Metropoli- 
tan (F Street) Line, walk one block. 

Post-Office Department. — Take Seventh Street 
Cable, F Street Herdic, Metropolitan Line, Ninth 
Street Line and New York Avenue Electric. 

Interior Department (Patent Office). — Take 



120 



Pennsylvania Avenue Cable, change at Seventh ; 
F Street Cars ; New York Avenue Electric, change 
at Fifth Street N. W. ; Ninth Street Line and F 
Street Herdic. 

Pension Office. — Take F Street Car Line and 
Herdic; New York Avenue Electric, change at 
Fifth street N. W. 

Bureau of Education. — Take New York Ave- 
nue Electric, change at Fifth ; Ninth Street Line ; 
F Street Car Line and Herdic to Eighth Street, 
walk one block. 

Geological Survey. — Take F Street Car Line 
and Herdic; Pennsylvania Avenue Cable to Four- 
teenth Street, walk one block north. 

Department of Justice. — Take Pennsylvania 
Avenue and Fourteenth Street Cable ; New York 
Avenue and G Street cars; Pennsylvania Avenue 
and F Street Herdics. 

Interstate Commerce Commission. — Take F 
Street Car Line and Herdic; Pennsylvania Ave- 
nue Cable to Fourteenth Street, walk one block 
north. 

Department of Agriculture. — Take Belt Line ; 



121 



Pennsylvania Avenue Cable to Twelfth Street, 
walk four blocks. 

Smithsonian Institution. — Take Seventh Street 
Cable ; Belt Line. 

National Museum. — Take same cars. 

National Zoological Park. — Take Metropolitan 
Cars to Connecticut Avenue and Nineteenth Street 
extended, to Rock Creek Electric. 

Washington Monument. — Take Belt Line, or 
Pennsylvania Avenue Cable to Fourteenth Street, 
and walk south three blocks. 

Navy Yard. — Take Pennsylvania Avenue Cable, 
or Anacostia Cars from Ninth and B northwest. 

Departments open week days between 11 A. M. 
and 2 P. M. 



-41k 



Knights of Pythias. 

The biennial convention of the Supreme Lodge 
and the biennial encampment of the Uniform Rank, 
^nights of Pythias, to be held in Washington in 
August, arc attracting national notice. It will be 
the greatest assembly of Pythian Knights within 
the annals of the organization, and promises to 
draw to Washington one of the mightiest throngs 
of people which the city has ever been called upon 
to house. Washington is the birthplace of the 
order. 

The original meeting, when the work of the 
Order of the Knights of Pythias was first read, 
took place at the house No. 869 F street, between 
Eighth and Ninth streets', the following gentlemen 
being present (as the members of a musical associa- 
tion known as the "Arion Glee Club)": Messrs. 
R. A. Champion, E. S. Kimball, D. L. Burnett, 
W. II. Burnett, Roberts and Driver. Each <»!' 
these gentlemen were then and there duly obligated 
by Mr. Rathbone, and afterwards resolved them- 
selves into individual committees to obtain the 
names of proper persons to form the first lodge. 
This meeting took place Monday evening, Feb- 
ruary 15, 1864, and on the following Wednesday 



123 



morning Mr. Rathbone informed Mr. J. T. K. 

Plant of the object of the meeting and solicited 
him to join the order. Mr. Rathbone had, how- 
ever, read the ritual to Mr. R. A. Champion 
privately at his own room a few evenings previous 
to the above meeting. 

The ritual was written by Mr. J. H. Rathbone, 
originally, in the town of Eagle Harbor, Houghton 
(now Keeweenaw) county, Lake Superior, Mich., 
in the winter of 1860 and 1861. 

The first record appearing upon the books of 
Washington Lodge, No. 1, reads as follows: 
Wasixgton, I). C, February, 19, 1864. 
a At Temperance Hall, 

" Friday Evening. 

" Upon agreement, a number of gentlemen met, 
and after some conversation upon the subject, they 
were called to order, and upon motion of Mr. J. 
H. Rathbone, a chairman of the meeting was pro- 
posed, and Mr. J. T. K. Plant was unanimously 
called to the chair, and D. L. Burnett nominated 
as secretary. After organizing as above, the object 
of the meeting was stated by Mr. Rathbone to be 
the organization or foundation of a society, its busi- 
ness and operations to be of a secret character, 
having for its ultimate object friendship, benev- 
olence and charity. Before proceeding further, 



124 



those present were requested to subscribe to an 
oath laid down afterward in the initiatory. All 
present having signified their willingness to do so, 
the same was administered to them by reading the 
same by J. H. Rathbone. After the taking of the 
oath, on motion it was resolved that this order be 
styled the Knights of Pythias." 

On motion a committee was appointed to prepare 
a ritual of openi.ig and closing a lodge, and of ini- 
tiation into the same. The chair appointed as said 
committee Brother J. H. Rathbone, who reported 
a ritual, which, upon being read, was adopted. 
After the adoption of the ritual, the lodge went 
into an election for officers, with the following re- 
sult : 

J. II. Rathbone, W. C. ; Joel R. Woodruff, Y. 
C. ; J. T. K. Plant, V. P.; D. L. Burnett, W. S.; 
A. Van Der Veer, B. ; R. A. Champion, A. B. ; 
George R. Covert, A. 8. The following officers 
were appointed by the worthy chancellor : M. H. 
Van Der Veer, worthy guide ; A. Roderigue, in- 
side steward, and Messrs. Kimball, Roberts, D. L. 
Burnett, and W. H. Burnett as choral knights. 
On motion, the worthy chancellor appointed the 
following committee to prepare a ritual for the first 
degree (now the second degree), signs, etc. ; Messrs. 
Kimball, Champion and W. H. Burnett, V. P. 



125 



J. T. K. Plant and \V. C. J. H. Rathbone, as chair- 
man, added. Committees were then appointed to 
procure regalias, appliances, etc. At the next meet- 
ing the committee on degree ritual presented a re- 
port, which was adopted. A committee was ap- 
pointed to procure a seal. At the next meeting 
various applications wera received for membership. 
At a subsequent meeting the lodge elected offi- 
cers, and in addition Messrs. Woodruff, Van Dei- 
Veer and Rodrigue were elected representatives to 
the Grand Lodge, which was organized on the 8th 
of April by members of the Washington lodge. 

HENRY G. WAGNER. 

The highest office in the gift of the District 
Knights of Pythias is held by Mr. Henry G. Wag- 
ner, he being the grand chancellor of the order. 
His term dates from last February, and until that 
month in J 8 95 he will be acknowledged head of 
nearly 1,700 knights. 

Mr. Wagner is distinctly a Georgetown man, hav- 
ing been born there forty-six years ago, and has 
been engaged in the watchmaking and jewelry busi- 
ness on M street, near 32d, since 1861, in connec- 
tion with his brother, Mr. John E. Wagner. 

JOHN M. KLINE. 

John M. Kline, present master of finance, was 



126 



born at Milroy, Miffin county, Ph., July 29, 1847, 
and was educated at the public schools of his native 
town. Mr. Kline became a member of Mount 
Vernon Lodge, No. 5, Knights of Pythias, in De- 
cember, 1870, and has been an active worker ever 
since. 

J. B. CONNER. 

J. B. Conner, the junior past grand chancellor of 
this jurisdiction, is a Washingtonian, having been 
born here January 27, 1847. He became a mem- 
ber of Excelsior Lodge, No. 14, Knights of Py- 
thias, of this city, in October, 1871, and still holds 
membership therein. From the beginning he 
evinced a great interest in the order, serving his 
lodge in the several offices as Grand Lodge repre- 
sentative, &o. 

JOHN W. HARDELL. 

John W. Hardell, grand vice-chancellor of this 
jurisdiction, is a successful merchant and one of 
the most enterprising citizens, always being with 
the business community in furthering the material 
interest of this beautiful city. He is a native of 
of England, but has lived here most of his life, 
having come to this country in 1871. He has been 
an active and zealous Knight of Pythias for twenty- 
two years, and is one of the leading members of 



127 

Equal Lodge, No. 17, Knights of Pythias. He 
has always shown much interest in the order, and 
is never absent from his post of duty at his lodge. 

HENRY YENNEY. 

Henry Yenney, grand prelate of this jurisdic- 
tion, was born in Switzerland fifty years ago, and 
came with his parents to this country when only 
seven years of age, locating in Raleigh, N. J., 
where he resided until he came to this city twenty- 
nine years ago, and he has resided here ever since 
that time. Mr. Yenney became a member of Mount 
Vernon Lodge, No. 5, Knights of Pythias, in 1879, 
and has been an active and zealous member of the 
order ever since. 

GEORGE W. BAUMANN. 

George W. Baumann, grand keeper of records 
and seal, is one of the youngest members of the 
order to be honored with that office. He is a na- 
tive of Maryland, born in Frederick, February 22, 
1864, whence he came to Washington in 1887. In 
1889 he became a member of the order, being a 
charter member of Capital Lodge, No. 24, and its 
first master-at-arms. In 1890 he was elected chan- 
cellor commander of this lodge, and a representa- 
tive to the Grand Lodge in 1891. He has served 
as representative ever since. Elected to his pres- 



128 



ent office in February, 1894, be is also serving his 
third term as keeper of records and seal of Capital 
Lodge, No. 24. 

j. w. PALMER. 

Mr. J. W. Palmer, grand master-at-arms, is a 
native of Virginia, having been born in that State 
in 1858. While a very young man he moved to 
Alexandria, where he joined Oriental Lodge, No. 
6. He received his card from this lodge in 1889, 
and upon his arrival in Washington joined Excel- 
sior Lodge, No. 14. He has been elected at various 
times to represent his lodge in the Grand Council. 
He is an enthusiastic Pythian woiker, and is also 
a member of Franklin Division, No. 6, Uniform 
Rank. 

M. C. THOMPSON. 

Mr. M. C. Thompson, grand inner guard, was 
born in Washington August 22, 1858, was elected 
a member and received the ranks in Anacostia 
Lodge, No. 23, K of P, as a charter member ; was 
elected master of finance in said lodge December, 
1890, which position he still holds with credit to 
the lodge and himself. 

A. J. GUNNING. 

A. J. Gunning, past grand chancellor, was born 



129 



in Nova Scotia, Juno, 1832. He reached the city 
of Boston, Mass., with his parents, at the age of 
four months, where he lived until the age of seven 
years. He came to Washington in March, 1865, 
entered the government service, where he is still 
employed. He became a member of Mount Ver- 
non Lodge, No. 5, K. of P., May 26, 1866. He 
was elected vice-chancellor and chancellor com- 
mander in 1870, and elected grand chancellor, Jan- 
uary, 1875, and a representative to the Supreme 
Lodge in 1880, where he served until 1885, and 
declined renomination. He has represented his 
lodge in the Grand Lodge for the past twenty years, 
with the exception of two terms, and has also been 
a trustee of Mount Vernon Lodge for a longer 
period. At the last session of the Grand Lodge 
lie was elected a trustee of that body, and is now 
serving as chairman of that board. 

JOHN T. CLARK. 

John T. Clark was born in Maryland in 1836. 
When he was only eighteen months old his parents 
moved to Washington. He learned the building 
business with Charles B. Church, and after reach- 
ing his majority went south. After the war Mr. 
Clark returned to this city, and carried on the 
building business sincj 1839, during which time 
V 



130 

he has become known as one of our most success- 
ful and reliable builders. In 1871 he entered the 
order of the Knights of Pythias, being initiated 
and taking the degrees in Friendship Lodge, No. 
X, filling the chairs with credit to himself an I to 
his lodge. Circumstances compelling this lodge lo 
give up her charter, he applied for membership and 
was admitted as past chancellor to Union Lodge, 
No. 22, and is at present serving his third term as 
master of exchequer of that lodge. He is also 
serving as sir knight treasurer of Union division, 
No. 8, of the Uniform Rank of the Knights of 
Pythias. Two years ago he was elected as one of 
the Grand Lodge trustees, and at the session last 
February of the Grand Lodge was re-elected. 
Through the untiring exertions of Mr. Clark and 
his brother knights, Union Lodge is now the ban- 
ner looge of the District. 

CHARLES W. STEERS. 

Charles W. Steers, one of the Grand Lodge 
trustees, was born in Fairfax county, Va., De- 
cember 12, 1852. He has been a resident of the 
District for the past twenty-four years. He is a 
past chancellor of Capital Lodge, No. 24, being 
one of the prime movers in the organization of that 
lodge. He was elected its first chancellor com- 
mander, and has served his lodge continuously since 



131 



its organization as representative in the Grand 
Lodge, has served one term as grand master-at- 
arms, and was eleeted in February on the board of 
trustees, also a member of the committee on ap- 
peals. He has been, since his entrance into the 
order, an earnest Pythian worker, standing always 
ready to do whatever he could to advance its inter- 
ests, and feels a deep interest in the coming encamp- 
ment, and is confident of one of the largest civic 
demonstrations that has ever been held in Wash- 
ington. 

A. F. MEDFOUI). 

Ames Furbee Medford, supreme representative, 
was born on the 2d day of February, 1841, in Del- 
aware County, Ohio. In 1880 he was initiated into 
Friendship Lodge, No. 8, Knights of Pythias, of 
this city, of which he became a past chancellor. 
When this lodge surrendered its charter he depos- 
ited his card in Calanthe Lodge, No. 11, of which 
he is still a member. He was elec'el grand chan- 
cellor of the District of Columbia. During his term 
of office as grand chancellor the order in this juris- 
diction, which had been steadily losing in member- 
ship for more than ten years, made a substantia 
gain in membership, and has continued to gain each 
year since then. Ever since he entered the Grandl 
Lodge his counsel, advice and influence have left 



132 



an impression on all the legislation of the Grand 
Lodge. He is a Knight of Pythias in every sense 
of the word, and the order has no more faithful 
advocate of its principles, no stronger defender or 
its rights, and no more consistent and conscientious 
servant. 

RICHARD GOODIIART. 

• 

Richard Good hart, who is the chairman of the 
executive committee for the coming encampment, 
is a native of the State of Pensylvania, having been 
born in the city of Reading. He became a mem her 
of the Knights of Pythias in this city twenty-eight 
years ago. Pie is devoted to the interests of the 
order, and loses no opportunity to promote the 
principles in which lie so staunchly believes. lie 
has passed through all the chairs and has iilbd all 
the offices 'in the subordinate and grand lodges. It 
was mainly through his efforts at Kansas City two 
years ago that Wasoington was selected as the place 
of meeting this year. He is the author of a paper 
submitted to the Grand Lodge on the erection of a 
Pythian Temple in this city, which have been favor- 
ably reported on by the special committee to which 
it was referred. 

JOHN HUMPHREY. 

John Humphrey was born in England in 1833, 



133 



but settled in Washington in 1851, and has resided 
here ever since. Uv, became a member of Svracu- 
s in Lodge, K. of P., in 1878, passed through all 
the chairs of that lodge and was master of ex- 
chequer for seven years. 
















CAPITOL. 




NOKTH SIDE OF WHITE HOUSE. 




SOUTH SIDE OF WHITE HOUSE. 



jmrnfy-yv-y 



"Ml 









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a 



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l( ill',! ,'l 






F II"! 




AGE ICUI/TUB A L DRPAKTM KNT. 




WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 









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POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 




ARLINGTON. 




WiSaPr MM 

I,A FA YETTE MON UMENT, 




FORD S THEATRE. 




MCPHERSON STATUE. 




WASHINGTON'S TOMB. 




'£±J'L±:: - ■ .' J ' ■ 



WASHINGTON'S STATUK. JACKSON'S STATUK. 




THOMAS STATUE. 



SCOTT STATFR. 



AMERICAN HOUSE, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



This old-established Hotel is situated on Pennsylvania 
Avenue and 7th Street, midway between the Capitol and 
the White House. We are surrounded by the Public 
Building's, Places of Amusement, Hotels, Railroads, and 
all the principal attractions of the city, making- the lo- 
cation the most convenient for business and pleasure 
seekers. 

Our arrangements to furnish full information as to the 
sights, and how to see them quickly and to the best ad- 
vantage, will save you valuable time, and our low rates 
will save you money. 



Rates. 

Room and Board, $2.00 per day. 

Room only, $1.00 per day. 

Meals and Lodging proportionately. 



DUFFY <5c LEANNARDA, 

Proprietors. 

MEALS fKT ALL HOURS. 



B. H. Warner. 

G. W. R SWARTZELL. 

Louis D. Wine. 

C. B. Rheem. 



B. H.Warner & Co 



Real Estate, 



Warner Building, 916 F Street N. W. 



We 


We 


We 


sell 


collect 


rent 


real estate. 


interest 


houses, 


furnish 


semi-annually 


collect 


money for 


and 


rents, 


borrowers, 


remit 


place 


builders, 


promptly 


insurance, 


purchasers, 


without 


and 


and 


cost. 


manage 


investments for 


Prepare 


property 


investors. 


deeds. 


generally 



We refer to any bank or business house in 
Washing-ton. 

DO WE REPRESENT YOU? 



SILSBY & COMPANY, 

BANKERS AND BROKERS, 

STOCKS, GRAIN, COTTON. 

FIFTEENTH STREET, 

(Opposite Treasury.) 

Telephone SOS. 



Branch Office, 

Central National Bank Bldg, 
7th Street and La. Avenue. 



CHA5. MADE5' 



Hotel ana Restaurant, 



SOUTHWEST CORNER 



PENNA. AVE. AND THIRD STREET, 



Washington, D. C 



Near B. & O. and B. & P. Depots 
Opposite Botanic Garden _^«k. 



HOTEL ON THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN PLANS. 



ESTABLISHED 1858. 

HARVEY'S 

Oyster Saloon and Restaurant 

FOR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. 
Originator of the Celebrated Steamed Oysters. 




SPECIALTIES : 
Oysters. D'amond-back Terrapin, Canvas-back Duck, the three 
most delicate dishes of the continent. 

Summer delicacies, Broiled Lobster and all kids of Sea Food. 
The largest and most complete Oyster House in its appoint- 
ments, and the Best Conducted Restaurant in Washington. Visi- 
tors will find its world-wide reputation fully sustained. 

POLITE ATTENTION, REASONABLE PRICES. 

Pennsylvania Avenue and nth Street, N. W., 

Opposite site of New City Post Office. 



HOTEL EMRICH, 

Nos. 485 to 489 Perm. Avenue, 

One block from Pa. R. R. Depot, 
U/ASHINGTON, D. C 



American Plan, $2.00 per day; European Plan. 
75 cents and $1.50 per day. 




This House is one of the leading- Hotels in Washington, 
completely remodeled and furnished throughout. Elec- 
tric light plants, electric bells, steam heat, telephone 
connection, etc. The bar is a perfect crystal palace. 
Steam Lunch Cafe attached. Merchants' Dinner a spec- 
ialty. 

C 7VY. E7VYRICH, 

PROPRIETOR, 



R. E. DAVIS, 
LIVERY, HIRING AND BOARDING 

STABLES, 




Nos. 326 and 328 New Jersey Avenue, 

Opposite B. and O. Depot, 



TELEPHONE 228. 



WASHINGTON, D. C. 



Stylish Rigs of every description. 
Light Hiring a specialty. 



THE, ANDERSON AND ANNEX, 

Overlooking Penn. Av<>: with splendid view 
of all parades. 

Corner \y z and C Streets, Northwest, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 




FiR3T-CLASS IN ALL ITS DEPARTMENTS. 

Ivocated within one square of the Principal Lines of 

Street Cars and within five minutes walk 

of Railroad Depots. 

Special Rates to Excursion Parties. 

-Terms, $1.50 to $5.00 per Day. 

Mary A. Anderson, 

PROPRIETRESS. 



G. W. RUSHENBERGER, 

Electrical Contractor, 

All Limls of Electric Work Done Promptly. Mechanical 

Belt-Hanging, Si leaking Tubes, Locksmithing, and 

Electrical Gas-Lighting. 

51b Third Street, 8. E.. WASHINGTON, D. C. 



M. DIETZ, 



239 New Jersey Avenue, N. W. 



Between Baltimore and Ohio Depot 
And National Capitol 



WASHINGTON, D. C. 



LOUIS BRANDT'S 

CrOLDEN EilCLE M<0<ISE ; 

400 anil 402 Jew Jersey Avenue. B. W., 

(Opposite B. & (). Depot,) 
Rooms 50c. and up. Washington, D. C. 



FRITZ REUTER'S 



Hotel and Restaurant, 



EUROPEAN PLAN, 



45i. 453, 455 457 202, 208 and 210 



PENN. AVE. FOUR-AND-A-HALF ST. N. W. 



WASHINGTON, D. G. 



SEP 31340 















w 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



D002554073fc, 



